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Ghazal
The ''ghazal'' ( ar, غَزَل, bn, গজল, Hindi-Urdu: /, fa, غزل, az, qəzəl, tr, gazel, tm, gazal, uz, gʻazal, gu, ગઝલ) is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of the Indian subcontinent and Turkey. A ghazal commonly consists of five to fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content, due to its highly allusive natur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Takhallus
A takhallus ( ur, , fa, تخلّص, hi, तख़ल्लुस), is a pen-name. Pen names were widely adopted by Urdu, Punjabi, Hindi and Persian poets. ''Takhallus'' is an Arabic word which means, literally, "to get liberated" or "become secure;" the word has been borrowed in Hindi-Urdu and Punjabi to mean "pen name". The takhallus is often included in the maqta, last sher (couplet), of the ghazal. History While ghazal originated in Arabia evolving from Qasida, some of the common features of contemporary ghazal, such as including the takhallus in the maqta, the concept of matla, etc., did not exist in Arabic ghazal. It was Persian ghazal which added these features. Common Takhallus List of Takhallus of some Urdu poets: * ''Ghalib'' – Mirza Asadullah Baig Khan * ''Faiz'' – Faiz Ahmed Faiz * ''Hali'' – Altaf Hussain ''Hali'' * ''Jigar'' - Sikander Ali Moradabadi * ''Kaki'' - Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiar * ''Zafar'' - Bahadur Shah II * ''Mir'' - Mir Taqi Mir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radif
Radif ( fa, ردیف, meaning ''order'') is a rule in Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry which states that, in the form of poetry known as a ghazal, the second line of all the couplets (''s'' or ''shers'') ''must'' end with the ''same'' word/s. This repeating of common words is the of the ghazal. It is preceded by a ''qaafiyaa'', which is a repeating pattern of words. The following is an example of a ghazal by Daag Dehelvi. In this example the is . The is the following pattern of words: (in the first hemistich A hemistich (; via Latin from Ancient Greek, Greek , from "half" and "verse") is a half-line of verse, followed and preceded by a caesura, that makes up a single overall prosodic or verse unit. In Latin verse, Latin and Greek poetry, the hemist ...), , (in the fourth hemistich), , and . References Persian poetry Urdu-language poetry Ghazal Rhyme {{Poetry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matla
The Matla (Persian/Arabic/Urdu:) is the first ''sher'', or couplet, of a '' ghazal'', a collection of poems in Urdu or Persian poetry. It is possible, although extremely rare, for there to be more than one ''matla'' in a ''ghazal''; in this case the second is referred to as ''matla-e-sani'', literally the second matla. It is important part because it establishes the overall form and mood of the entire ghazal. The defining feature of the matla is that both verses of the couplet rhyme, or expressed in technical terminology, both verses end with the qaafiyaa and radif Radif ( fa, ردیف, meaning ''order'') is a rule in Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry which states that, in the form of poetry known as a ghazal, the second line of all the couplets (''s'' or ''shers'') ''must'' end with the ''same'' word/s. Th ... of the ghazal. In fact, the purpose of the matla is to define the qaafiya and radif for the rest of the ghazal. References {{Persian literature Ghazal Urdu-languag ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radif
Radif ( fa, ردیف, meaning ''order'') is a rule in Persian, Turkic, and Urdu poetry which states that, in the form of poetry known as a ghazal, the second line of all the couplets (''s'' or ''shers'') ''must'' end with the ''same'' word/s. This repeating of common words is the of the ghazal. It is preceded by a ''qaafiyaa'', which is a repeating pattern of words. The following is an example of a ghazal by Daag Dehelvi. In this example the is . The is the following pattern of words: (in the first hemistich A hemistich (; via Latin from Ancient Greek, Greek , from "half" and "verse") is a half-line of verse, followed and preceded by a caesura, that makes up a single overall prosodic or verse unit. In Latin verse, Latin and Greek poetry, the hemist ...), , (in the fourth hemistich), , and . References Persian poetry Urdu-language poetry Ghazal Rhyme {{Poetry-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persian Poetry
Persian literature ( fa, ادبیات فارسی, Adabiyâte fârsi, ) comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures. It spans over two-and-a-half millennia. Its sources have been within Greater Iran including present-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Caucasus, and Turkey, regions of Central Asia (such as Tajikistan) and South Asia where the Persian language has historically been either the native or official language. For example, Rumi, one of the best-loved Persian poets, born in Balkh (in modern-day Afghanistan) or Wakhsh (in modern-day Tajikistan), wrote in Persian and lived in Konya (in modern-day Turkey), at that time the capital of the Seljuks in Anatolia. The Ghaznavids conquered large territories in Central and South Asia and adopted Persian as their court language. There is thus Persian literature from Iran, Mesopotamia, Azerbaijan, the wider Caucasus, Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Tajik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beher (poetry)
''Beher'' (Arabic/ Persian/Urdu: بحر) in Urdu poetry is the meter of a '' sher'' (couplet). Essentially, ''beher'' is a specific pattern, combining the ''arkaans'' (dummy meaningless words) of Urdu prosody that define the "length" of a ''sher''. However, generally ''beher'' is categorized in three classes: Short, medium, long, depending upon the length of the ''sher'' of the ''ghazal''. For a ''ghazal'', since all the ''shers'' in it should be of the same ''beher'', determining the ''beher'' of one ''sher'' (or even one line of the ''sher'') is enough to determine the ''beher'' of the entire ''ghazal''. For example, in this ''ghazal'' of Ghalib ) , birth_date = , birth_place = Kala Mahal, Agra, Maratha Confederacy , death_date = , death_place = Gali Qasim Jaan, Ballimaran, Chandni Chowk, Delhi, British India , occupation = Poet , language ..., the length and meter of the ashaar is same throughout. In terms of the European meth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic Poetry
Arabic poetry ( ar, الشعر العربي ''ash-shi‘ru al-‘Arabīyyu'') is the earliest form of Arabic literature. Present knowledge of poetry in Arabic dates from the 6th century, but oral poetry is believed to predate that. Arabic poetry is categorized into two main types, rhymed or measured, and prose, with the former greatly preceding the latter. The rhymed poetry falls within fifteen different meters collected and explained by al-Farahidi in ''The Science of ‘ Arud''. Al-Akhfash, a student of al-Farahidi, later added one more meter to make them sixteen. The meters of the rhythmical poetry are known in Arabic as "seas" (''buḥūr''). The measuring unit of seas is known as "''taf‘īlah''," and every sea contains a certain number of taf'ilas which the poet has to observe in every verse (''bayt'') of the poem. The measuring procedure of a poem is very rigorous. Sometimes adding or removing a consonant or a vowel can shift the ''bayt'' from one meter to another. Also, in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qasida
The qaṣīda (also spelled ''qaṣīdah''; is originally an Arabic word , plural ''qaṣā’id'', ; that was passed to some other languages such as fa, قصیده or , ''chakameh'', and tr, kaside) is an ancient Arabic word and form of writing poetry, often translated as ode, passed to other cultures after the Arab Muslim expansion. The word ''qasidah'' is still used in its original birthplace, Arabia, and in all Arab countries. Well known ''qasā'id'' include the Seven Mu'allaqat and Qasida Burda ("Poem of the Mantle") by Imam al-Busiri and Ibn Arabi's classic collection "The Interpreter of Desires". The classic form of qasida maintains a single elaborate metre throughout the poem, and every line rhymes on the same sound.Akiko Motoyoshi Sumi, ''Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: ''Waṣf'', Ekphrasis, and Interarts Theory'', Brill Studies in Middle Eastern literatures, 25 (Leiden: Brill, 2004), p. 1. It typically runs from fifteen to eighty lines, and sometimes mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maqta
The maqta ( ur, ) is the last ''sher'' of a '' ghazal'', a collection of Urdu poems and the poet's ''takhallus'', or pen name, is usually employed in it, often in very creative ways. A '' shayar'' can use the ''maqta'' in a variety of interesting ways. He can "talk to himself", "to somebody else", "refer to something" etc. For example ''Firaq'' Gorakhpuri, whose ''takhallus'' is the word for the common theme in Urdu poetry of the state of pining for the beloved, plays on his pen name and the word ''firaq'': Roman Urdu: :''Tu yeh na samajh ke Firaq teri Firaq mein hai'' :''Firaq uski Firaq mein hai jo teri Firaq mein hai'' English Translation: :Don't think that Firaq pines for you :Firaq pines for the one who pines for you Examples A sher by Mir Taqi Mir: ''Mir'' in neem baaz aankhon mein Saari masti sharaab ki see hai Another by Mirza Ghalib: * Kaba kis munh se jaaoge ''Ghalib'' sharm tum ko magar nahiN aati See also *Takhallus * Ghazal *Urdu poetry Urdu poetr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazm
''Nazm'' () is a major part of Urdu and Sindhi poetry that is normally written in rhymed verse and also in modern prose-style poems. is a significant genre of Urdu and Sindhi poetry; the other one is known as ''ghazal'' (). is significantly written by controlling one’s thoughts and feelings, which are constructively discussed as well as developed and finally, concluded, according to the poetic laws. The title of the itself holds the central theme as a whole. While writing , it is not important to follow any rules as it depends on the writer. A can be long or short and there are no restrictions on size or rhyme scheme. All the verses written in a are interlinked. In summary, is a form of descriptive poetry. Forms of The following are the different forms of : * ''Doha'' () * '' Geet'' () * '' Hamd'' () * '' Hijv'' () * '' Kafi'' () * ''Madah'' () * '' Manqabat '' () * ''Marsia'' () * ''Masnavi'' () * '' Munajat'' () * '' Musaddas'' () * '' Mukhammas'' () * ''Naʽat'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
