The Georgian scripts
Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri
Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli. Although the systems differ in appearance, all three are unicase, their letters share the same names and alphabetical order, and are written horizontally from left to right
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Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c. BCE Hieratic
Hieratic 32 c. BCEDemotic 7 c. BCEMeroitic 3 c. BCE Proto-Sinaitic
Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCEUgaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCEGe’ez 5–6 c. BCEPhoenician 12 c. BCE Paleo-Hebrew
Paleo-Hebrew 10 c. BCE Samaritan
Samaritan 6 c. BCE Libyco-Berber
Libyco-Berber 3 c. BCETifinaghPaleohispanic (semi-syllabic) 7 c. BCE Aramaic
Aramaic 8 c. BCE Kharoṣṭhī
Kharoṣṭhī 4 c. BCE Brāhmī 4 c. BCE Brahmic family
Brahmic family (see)E.g. Tibetan 7 c. CE Devanagari
Devanagari 13 c. CECanadian syllabics 1840Hebrew 3 c. BCE Pahlavi 3 c. BCEAvestan 4 c. CEPalmyrene 2 c. BCE Syriac 2 c. BCENabataean 2 c. BCEArabic 4 c. CEN'Ko 1949 CESogdian 2 c
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The Christianization
Christianization of Iberia (Georgian: ქართლის გაქრისტიანება kartlis gakrist'ianeba) refers to the spread of Christianity
Christianity in an early 4th century by the sermon of Saint Nino
Saint Nino in an ancient Georgian kingdom of Kartli, known as Iberia in the Classical antiquity, which resulted in declaring it as a state religion by then-pagan King
King Mirian III of Iberia
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The Svan language
Svan language (Svan: ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; Georgian: სვანური ენა svanuri ena) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti
Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.[4][5] With its speakers variously estimated to be between 30,000 and 80,000, the UNESCO
UNESCO designates Svan as a "definitely endangered language".[6] It is of particular interest because it has retained many archaic features that have been lost in the other Kartvelian languages.Contents1 Features1.1 Familial features 1.2 Distinguishing features2 Distribution 3 History 4 Dialects 5 Phonology5.1 Consonants 5.2 Vowels 5.3 Alphabet6 References6.1 Notes 6.2 General references7 External linksFeatures[edit] Familial features[edit] Like all languages of the Kartvelian family, Svan has a large number of consonants
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A diacritic – also diacritical mark, diacritical point, or diacritical sign – is a glyph added to a letter, or basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek διακριτικός (diakritikós, "distinguishing"), from διακρίνω (diakrī́nō, "to distinguish"). Diacritic
Diacritic is primarily an adjective, though sometimes used as a noun, whereas diacritical is only ever an adjective. Some diacritical marks, such as the acute ( ´ ) and grave ( ` ), are often called accents. Diacritical marks may appear above or below a letter, or in some other position such as within the letter or between two letters. The main use of diacritical marks in the Latin script
Latin script is to change the sound-values of the letters to which they are added
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The United Nations
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO;[2] French: Organisation des Nations unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris
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The Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: Հայ Առաքելական Եկեղեցի, Hay Aṙak'elakan Yekeghetsi)[a] is the national church of the Armenian people. Part of Oriental Orthodoxy, it is one of the most ancient Christian communities.[3] Armenia
Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity
Christianity as its official religion in the early 4th century.[4] The church claims to have originated in the missions of Apostles
Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus in the 1st century, by tradition. It is sometimes referred to as the Armenian Orthodox Church or Gregorian Church. The latter is not preferred by the church itself, as it views the Apostles
Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus as its founders, and St. Gregory the Illuminator
Gregory the Illuminator as merely the first official governor of the church
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The Bir el Qutt inscriptions
Bir el Qutt inscriptions (Georgian: ბირ ელ ყუტის წარწერები, Bir el Qut’is C’arc’erebi) are the Georgian language
Georgian language Byzantine mosaic inscriptions written in the Georgian Asomtavruli
Asomtavruli script which were excavated at a St. Theodore Georgian monastery in 1952[1] by an Italian archaeologist Virgilio Canio Corbo near Bir el Qutt, in the Judaean Desert, 6 km south-east of Jerusalem
Jerusalem and 2 km north of Bethlehem.[2] Georgian inscriptions were found on a mosaic floor.[3][4][5] Two inscriptions are dated the first one AD 388-392, the second one AD 430 and the third one AD 532.[6][7] The monastery where the inscriptions were excavated was founded or rebuilt by the Georgian philosopher and royal prince Peter the Iberian
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The Bolnisi
Bolnisi inscriptions (Georgian: ბოლნისის წარწერები) are the Georgian language
Georgian language inscriptions written in the Georgian Asomtavruli
Asomtavruli script on the Bolnisi
Bolnisi Sioni Cathedral, a basilica located in Bolnisi, Bolnisi
Bolnisi Municipality, Georgia
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Kartli
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Kartli (Georgian: ქართლი [kʰartʰli] ( listen)) is a historical region in central-to-eastern Georgia traversed by the river Mtkvari
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Mtkvari (Kura), on which Georgia's capital, Tbilisi, is situated. Known to the Classical authors as Iberia, Kartli
Kartli played a crucial role in the ethnic and political consolidation of the Georgians
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Georgians in the Middle Ages. Kartli
Kartli had no strictly defined boundaries and they significantly fluctuated in the course of history. After the partition of the kingdom of Georgia in the 15th century, Kartli
Kartli became a separate kingdom with its capital at Tbilisi
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The Svan language
Svan language (Svan: ლუშნუ ნინ lušnu nin; Georgian: სვანური ენა svanuri ena) is a Kartvelian language spoken in the western Georgian region of Svaneti
Svaneti primarily by the Svan people.[4][5] With its speakers variously estimated to be between 30,000 and 80,000, the UNESCO
UNESCO designates Svan as a "definitely endangered language".[6] It is of particular interest because it has retained many archaic features that have been lost in the other Kartvelian languages.Contents1 Features1.1 Familial features 1.2 Distinguishing features2 Distribution 3 History 4 Dialects 5 Phonology5.1 Consonants 5.2 Vowels 5.3 Alphabet6 References6.1 Notes 6.2 General references7 External linksFeatures[edit] Familial features[edit] Like all languages of the Kartvelian family, Svan has a large number of consonants
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Mirian III (Georgian: მირიან III) was a king of Iberia or Kartli
Kartli (Georgia), contemporaneous to the Roman emperor
Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306–337). He was the founder of the royal Chosroid dynasty. According to the early medieval Georgian annals and hagiography, Mirian was the first Christian king of Iberia, converted through the ministry of Nino, a Cappadocian female missionary
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Hebrew Palmyrene Mandaic Pahlavi Brāhmī Kharoṣṭhī Syriac →Sogdian →Old Uyghur →Mongolian →Nabataean alphabet →Arabic alphabet →N'Ko alphabetDirection Right-to-leftISO 15924 Armi, 124 Imperial Aramaic Unicode
Unicode aliasImperial Aramaic Unicode
Unicode rangeU+10840–U+1085FThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode
Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.History of the alphabet Egyptian hieroglyphs
Egyptian hieroglyphs 32 c. BCE Hieratic
Hieratic 32 c. BCEDemotic 7 c. BCEMeroitic 3 c. BCEProto-Sinaitic 19 c. BCEUgaritic 15 c. BCE Epigraphic South Arabian 9 c. BCEGe’ez 5–6 c
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Old Georgian (Georgian: ძველი ქართული ენა dzveli kartuli ena, Old Georgian: ႤႬႠჂ ႵႠႰႧႳႪႨ, enay kartuli) the literary language of Georgian monarchies in the 5th century. The language remains in use as the liturgical language of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Spoken Old Georgian gave way to what is classified as Middle Georgian
Middle Georgian in the 11th century, which in turn developed into the modern Georgian language
Georgian language in the 18th century.Contents1 Periodization 2 Texts 3 Phoneme inventory 4 Script 5 Orthography 6 Notes 7 ReferencesPeriodization[edit] Two periods are distinguished within Old Georgian: Early Old Georgian (5th to 8th centuries) and Classical Old Georgian (9th to 11th centuries). Two different dialects are represented in Early Old Georgian, known as Khanmet’i (ხანმეტი, 5th to 7th c.) and Haemet’i (ჱაემეტი, 7th and 8th c.)
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Levan Chilashvili (Georgian: ლევან ჭილაშვილი) (August 17, 1930 – April 26, 2004) was a famous Georgian archaeologist and historian, an academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences
Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Meritorious Scholar of Georgia, Doctor of Historical Sciences, and Professor. In 1954, he graduated from the Faculty of History of Tbilisi State University (TSU), where he was also a professor from 1967 until his death in 2004
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Nekresi
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Nekresi (Georgian: ნეკრესი) is a historic town in Kakheti, Georgia, in modern-day Kvareli Municipality, near the village of Shilda. The town was established by king Pharnajom (around 2nd-1st centuries BC). In the 4th century AD, king Thrdat built a church in this place. This church became a refuge to one of the Assyrian fathers, Abibus, in the late 6th century
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