The European Communities
European Communities (EC), sometimes referred to as the European Community,[1] were three international organizations that were governed by the same set of institutions. These were the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Atomic Energy Community
European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom), and the European Economic Community
European Economic Community (EEC); the last of which was renamed the European Community (EC) in 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty, which formed the European Union. When the Communities were incorporated into the European Union
European Union in 1993, they became its first pillar
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Coordinates: 43°N 12°E / 43°N 12°E / 43; 12Italian Republic Repubblica Italiana (Italian)FlagEmblemAnthem: Il Canto degli Italiani (Italian) "The Song of the Italians"Location of Italy (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey) – in the European Union (light green) – [Legend]Capital and largest city Rome 41°54′N 12°29′E / 41.900°N 12.483°E / 41.900; 12.483Official languages ItalianaNative languages see full listReligion83.3% Christians 12.4% irreligious 3.7% Muslims 0.2% Buddhists 0.1% Hindus 0.3% other religions[1]Demonym ItalianGovernment Unitary constitutional parliamentary republic• PresidentSergio Mattarella• Prime MinisterPaolo Gentiloni• President of the SenateElisabetta Casellati•&
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France
France (French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France
France in western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.[XIII] The metropolitan area of France
France extends from the Mediterranean Sea
Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel
English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine
Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. The overseas territories include French Guiana
French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans
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Cooperation
Cooperation (sometimes written as co-operation) is the process of groups of organisms working or acting together for common or mutual benefit, as opposed to working in competition for selfish benefit. Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of their own species and with members of other species (symbiosis or mutualism).[1]Contents1 Among humans 2 Among other animals 3 Cooperation
Cooperation as a managerial behavior 4 Kin selection 5 Cooperative
Cooperative systems 6 The prisoner's dilemma 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External linksAmong humans[edit] Language allows humans to cooperate on a very large scale. Certain studies have suggested that fairness affects human cooperation; individuals are willing to punish at their own cost (altruistic punishment) if they believe that they are being treated unfairly.[2][3] Sanfey, et al
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The history of Europe
.svg/400px-Eurasia_(orthographic_projection).svg.png)
Europe covers the peoples inhabiting Europe
Europe from prehistory to the present. The period known as classical antiquity began with the emergence of the city-states of ancient Greece. Later, the Roman Empire
Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. The fall of the Roman Empire in AD 476 traditionally marks the start of the Middle Ages. Beginning in the 14th century a Renaissance
Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology. Simultaneously, the Protestant Reformation
Reformation set up Protestant churches primarily in Germany, Scandinavia and England. After 1800, the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution brought prosperity to Britain and Western Europe. The main powers set up colonies in most of the Americas and Africa, and parts of Asia
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Commission or commissioning may refer to:Contents1 Forms of payment 2 Project validation 3 Military use 4 Civilian government 5 Other uses 6 See alsoForms of payment[edit] Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of anotherA contract for performance or creation of a specific workProject validation[edit]Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or v
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Coordinates: 49°45′N 6°10′E / 49.750°N 6.167°E / 49.750; 6.167 Grand Duchy
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Grand Duchy of LuxembourgGroussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish) Großherzogtum Luxemburg (German) Grand-Duché de Luxembourg (French)FlagCoat of armsMotto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn" (Luxembourgish) "We want to remain what we are"Anthem: "Ons Heemecht" "Our Homeland"Royal anthem: "De Wilhelmus"aLocation of Luxembourg
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The Thorn Commission
Thorn Commission was the European Commission
European Commission that held office from 6 January 1981 until 5 January 1985. Its President was Gaston Thorn.Contents1 Work 2 Membership2.1 Summary by political leanings3 ReferencesWork[edit] It was the successor to the Jenkins Commission and was succeeded by the Delors Commission
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The Ortoli Commission is the European Commission
European Commission that held office from 6 January 1973 to 5 January 1977. Its President was François-Xavier Ortoli.Contents1 Work 2 Membership2.1 Summary by political leanings3 See also 4 References 5 External linksWork[edit] It was the successor to the Mansholt Commission
Mansholt Commission and was succeeded by the Jenkins Commission. It was the first Commission since the first enlargement at the start of the year
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The Mansholt Commission
Mansholt Commission is the European Commission
European Commission that held office from 22 March 1972 to 5 January 1973. Its President was Sicco Mansholt.Contents1 Work 2 Membership2.1 Summary by political leanings3 References 4 External linksWork[edit] It was the successor to the Malfatti Commission
Malfatti Commission and was succeeded by the Ortoli Commission
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The Malfatti Commission
Malfatti Commission is the European Commission
European Commission that held office from 1 July 1970 to 21 March 1972. Its president was Franco Maria Malfatti.Contents1 Work 2 Membership2.1 Summary by political leanings3 See also 4 References 5 External linksWork[edit] It was the successor to the Rey Commission
Rey Commission and was succeeded by the Mansholt Commission. The Malfatti Commission
Malfatti Commission began as the integration process was relaunched: the EC adopting a financial framework and competing the single market
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.jpg/440px-Belgium-6015_-_Most_Photographed_Dog_in_Burges_(13902076955).jpg "Go To List2 -> Belgium")
Coordinates: 50°50′N 4°00′E / 50.833°N 4.000°E / 50.833; 4.000Kingdom of BelgiumKoninkrijk België (Dutch) Royaume de Belgique (French) Königreich Belgien (German)FlagCoat of armsMotto: "Eendracht maakt macht" (Dutch) "L'union fait la force" (French) "Einigkeit macht stark" (German) "Unity makes Strength"Anthem: "La Brabançonne" "The Brabantian"Location of Belgium (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)Capital and largest city Brussels 50°51′N 4°21′E / 50.850°N 4.350°E / 50.850; 4.350Official languages Dutch French GermanEthnic groups see DemographicsReligion (2015[1])60.7% Christianity 32.0% No religion 5.2% Islam 2.1% Other religionsDemonym BelgianGovernment Federal parliamentary constitu
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Council of the EU PresidencyConfigurationsGeneral Foreign Justice and Home EconomicEuroLegislative procedure Voting SecretariatSecretary-GeneralUwe CorsepiusDirectorates-general COREPERJudiciaryCourt of JusticeMembers RulingsGeneral CourtCentral BankPresident DraghiESCB Euro EMU EurozoneCourt of AuditorsBudget OLAFOther bodiesAgencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliamentsPolicies and issuesForeign relationsHigh RepresentativeFederica MogheriniExt
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The Rey Commission
Rey Commission is the European Commission
European Commission that held office from 2 July 1967 to 30 June 1970. Its President was Jean Rey.Contents1 Work 2 Membership2.1 Summary by political leanings3 References 4 External linksWork[edit]The Rey CommissionIt was the first Commission of the merged European Communities. It was the successor to the Hallstein Commission
Hallstein Commission and was succeeded by the Malfatti Commission. The Commission worked to reinforce the Community's institutions and increase the powers of the European Parliament. It also campaigned for an elected Parliament, which was achieved later in 1979
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The Treaty of Paris
Paris (formally the Treaty establishing the European Coal
Coal and Steel
Steel Community) was signed on 18 April 1951 between France, West Germany, Italy
Italy and the three Benelux
Benelux countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands), establishing the European Coal
Coal and Steel
Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union. The treaty came into force on 23 July 1952 and expired on 23 July 2002, exactly fifty years after it came into effect. The treaty was seen as producing diplomatic and economic stability in western Europe after the Second World War
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Council of the EU PresidencyConfigurationsGeneral Foreign Justice and Home EconomicEuroLegislative procedure Voting SecretariatSecretary-GeneralUwe CorsepiusDirectorates-general COREPERJudiciaryCourt of JusticeMembers RulingsGeneral CourtCentral BankPresident DraghiESCB Euro EMU EurozoneCourt of AuditorsBudget OLAFOther bodiesAgencies Investment Bank CoR EESC Ombudsman National parliamentsPolicies and issuesForeign relationsHigh RepresentativeFederica MogheriniExt
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