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Camphor
Camphor () is a waxy, colorless solid with a strong aroma. It is classified as a terpenoid and a cyclic ketone. It is found in the wood of the camphor laurel (''Cinnamomum camphora''), a large evergreen tree found in East Asia; and in the kapur tree ( ''Dryobalanops'' sp.), a tall timber tree from South East Asia. It also occurs in some other related trees in the laurel family, notably ''Ocotea usambarensis''. Rosemary leaves ('' Rosmarinus officinalis'') contain 0.05 to 0.5% camphor, while camphorweed (''Heterotheca'') contains some 5%. A major source of camphor in Asia is camphor basil (the parent of African blue basil). Camphor can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. The compound is chiral, existing in two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (+)-camphor ((1''R'',4''R'')-bornan-2-one), while its mirror image shown on the right is the (−)-camphor ((1''S'',4''S'')-bornan-2-one) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cinnamomum Camphora
''Camphora officinarum'' is a species of evergreen tree that is commonly known under the names camphor tree, camphorwood or camphor laurel. Description ''Camphora officinarum'' is native to China south of the Yangtze River, Taiwan, southern Japan, Korea, India and Vietnam, and has been introduced to many other countries. It grows up to tall. In Japan, where the tree is called ''kusunoki'', five camphor trees are known with a trunk circumference above , with the largest individual, , reaching 24.22 m. The leaves have a glossy, waxy appearance and smell of camphor when crushed. In spring, it produces bright green foliage with masses of small white flowers. It produces clusters of black, berry-like fruit around in diameter. Its pale bark is very rough and fissured vertically. Certain trees in Japan are considered sacred. An example of the importance of a sacred tree is the 700-year old camphor growing in the middle of Kayashima Station. Locals protested against moving the t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camphorsulfonic Acid
Camphorsulfonic acid, sometimes abbreviated CSA or 10-CSA is an organosulfur compound. Like typical sulfonic acids, it is a relatively strong acid that is a colorless solid at room temperature and is soluble in water and a wide variety of organic substances. This compound is commercially available. It can be prepared by sulfonation of camphor with sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride: : Although this reaction appears to be a sulfonation of an unactivated methyl group, the actual mechanism is believed to involve a retro- semipinacol rearrangement, deprotonation next to the tertiary carbocation to form an alkene, sulfonation of the alkene intermediate, and finally, semipinacol rearrangement to re-establish the ketone function. In organic synthesis, CSA and its derivatives can be used as resolving agents for chiral amines and other cations. The synthesis of osanetant was an example of this. 3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid was used in the synthesis of enantiopure devazepide. Campho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heterotheca
''Heterotheca'', (common names goldenasters, camphorweed, or telegraph weed) are North American plants in the family Asteraceae. Etymology ''Heterotheca'' comes from Ancient Greek "other, different" and "case, chest", and refers to the fact that, in some species in the genus, the cypselae (achenes containing seed) of the disk and ray florets have different shapes. Description, biology These are annual and perennial herbs bearing daisy-like flower heads with yellow disc florets and usually yellow ray florets, associated with mesic to xeric habitats across North America. Several species now included in ''Heterotheca'' were previously classified in the genus ''Chrysopsis'' ''Heterotheca'' species are often used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including ''Schinia lynx'', '' Schinia nubila'' and ''Schinia saturata'' (all of which have been recorded on ''Heterotheca subaxillaris''). Chemistry The leaf volatiles from which the name "camphorweed" is derived ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barus
Barus is a town and ''kecamatan'' (district) in Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Historically, Barus was well known as a port town or kingdom on the western coast of Sumatra where it was a regional trade center from around the 7th or earlier until the 17th century. It was also known by other names, namely Fansur and possibly Barusai. The name Fansur or Pansur means "spring of water" in the local Batak language. Barus was well known for its produce camphor. In the 16th century, Barus came under attack from the rising power of Aceh, and became absorbed into the Aceh Sultanate. The earliest known Malay poet Hamzah Fansuri may be from Barus as indicated by his name. Historical records Barus was a significant settlement on the west coast of Sumatra widely recorded in many historical documents. Other related sites in Sumatra includes Lamuri in Aceh and Pannai in North Sumatra. The second century Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemy in his work '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pinene
Pinene is a collection of unsaturated bicyclic monoterpenes. Two geometric isomers of pinene are found in nature, α-pinene and β-pinene. Both are chiral. As the name suggests, pinenes are found in pines. Specifically, pinene is the major component of the liquid extracts of conifers. Pinenes are also found in many non-coniferous plants such as camphorweed ('' Heterotheca'') and big sagebrush ('' Artemisia tridentata''). Isomers Biosynthesis α-Pinene and β-pinene are both produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate followed by loss of a proton from the carbocation equivalent. Researchers at the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Joint BioEnergy Institute have been able to synthetically produce pinene with a bacterium. Plants Alpha-pinene is the most widely encountered terpenoid in nature and is highly repellent to insects. Alpha-pinene appears in conifers and numerous other plants. Pinene is a major component of the essentia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dryobalanops Aromatica
''Dryobalanops aromatica'', commonly known as Borneo camphor, camphor tree, Malay camphor, or Sumatran camphor, is a species of critically endangered plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. The species name ''aromatica'' is derived from Latin (''aromaticus'' meaning spice-like) and refers to the smell of the dammar (resin). This species was one of the main sources of camphor and attracted early Arab traders to Borneo, at that time being worth more than gold, and used for incense and perfumes. It is found in Sumatra, peninsular Malaysia, and Borneo. It is a large emergent tree, up to 65 m or even 75 m tall, found in mixed dipterocarp forests on deep humic yellow sandy soils. It is a heavy hardwood sold under the trade names of Kapur. It is recorded from at least two protected areas ( Lambir and Gunung Mulu National Parks). Bergenin, malaysianol A, laevifonol, ampelopsin E, α-viniferin, ε-viniferin and diptoindonesin A can be isolated from the stem bark of ''D. aromatica' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isoborneol
Isoborneol is a bicyclic organic compound and a terpene derivative. The hydroxyl group in this compound is placed in an ''exo'' position. The endo diastereomer is called borneol. Being chiral, isoborneol exists as enantiomers. Preparation Isoborneol is synthesized commercially by hydrolysis of isobornyl acetate. The latter is obtained from treatment of camphene with acetic acid in the presence of a strong acid catalyst. It can also be produced by reduction of camphor: : Isoborneol derivatives as chiral ligands Derivatives of isoborneol are used as ligand In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule ( functional group) that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex. The bonding with the metal generally involves formal donation of one or more of the ligand's elec ...s in asymmetric synthesis. * (2''S'')-(−)-3-''exo''-(morpholino)isoborneol or MIB with a morpholine substituent in the α-hydroxyl position. * (2''S'')-(−)-3-''exo'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Merck Index
''The Merck Index'' is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monograph on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry. History The first edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations and made it a separate American "Merck" company that continued to publish the Merck Index. In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions. The 15th edition was published in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
African Blue Basil
African blue basil ('' Ocimum kilimandscharicum'' × ''basilicum'' ' Dark Opal') is a hybrid basil variety, a cross between camphor basil and dark opal basil. It is one of a few types of basil that are perennial. African blue basil plants are sterile, unable to produce seeds of their own, and can only be propagated by cuttings. This particular breed of basil has a strong camphor scent, inherited from ''Ocimum kilimandscharicum'' (camphor basil), Gives as its source '' Econ Bot'' 28:63 (1974). its East African parent. The concentration of camphor is 22% (compared with 61% for ''O. kilimandscharicum''). The concentration of the other major aroma compounds, linalool (55%), and 1,8-cineole (15%) is comparable to many basil cultivars."Basil: A Source of Aroma Compounds and a Popular Culinary and Ornamental Herb" reprinted from: ''Perspectives on new crops and new uses'' (1999), ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA, . All parts of the flower, leaves and stems are edible; although some mig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turpentine
Turpentine (which is also called spirit of turpentine, oil of turpentine, terebenthene, terebinthine and (colloquially) turps) is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin harvested from living trees, mainly pines. Mainly used as a specialized solvent, it is also a source of material for organic syntheses. Turpentine is composed of terpenes, primarily the monoterpenes alpha- and beta-pinene, with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, dipentene, and terpinolene.Kent, James A. ''Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry'' (Eighth Edition) Van Nostrand Reinhold Company (1983) p.569 Mineral turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine – although the constituent chemicals are very different. Etymology The word ''turpentine'' derives (via French and Latin), from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη ''terebinthine'', in turn the feminine form (to conform to the feminine gender of the Greek word, which means "resin") of an adjective (τ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer ( /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐνάντιος ''(enántios)'' 'opposite', and μέρος ''(méros)'' 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are non-superposable onto their own mirror image. Enantiomers are much like one's right and left hands, when looking at the same face, they cannot be superposed onto each other. No amount of reorientation will allow the four unique groups on the chiral carbon (see Chirality (chemistry)) to line up exactly. The number of stereoisomers a molecule has can be determined by the number of chiral carbons it has. Stereoisomers include both enantiomers and diastereomers. Diastereomers, like enantiomers, share the same molecular formula and are non-superposable onto each other however, they are not mirror images of each other. A molecule with chirality rotates plane-polarized light. A mixture of equals am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Old Malay
Malay was first used in the first millennia known as Old Malay, a part of the Austronesian language family. Over a period of two millennia, Malay has undergone various stages of development that derived from different layers of foreign influences through international trade, religious expansion, colonisation and developments of new socio-political trends. The oldest form of Malay is descended from the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the earliest Austronesian settlers in Southeast Asia. This form would later evolve into Old Malay when Indian cultures and religions began penetrating the region, most probably using the Kawi and Rencong scripts, some linguistic researchers say. Old Malay contained some terms that exist today, but are unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Classical Malay of 1303 CE. Malay evolved extensively into Classical Malay through the gradual influx of numerous elements of Arabic a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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