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Banyan
A banyan, also spelled "banian", is a fig that develops accessory trunks from adventitious prop roots, allowing the tree to spread outwards indefinitely. This distinguishes banyans from other trees with a strangler habit that begin life as an epiphyte, i.e. a plant that grows on another plant, when its seed germinates in a crack or crevice of a host tree or edifice. "Banyan" often specifically denotes '' Ficus benghalensis'' (the "Indian banyan"), which is the national tree of India, though the name has also been generalized to denominate all figs that share a common life cycle and used systematically in taxonomy to denominate the subgenus ''Urostigma''. Characteristics Like other fig species, banyans bear their fruit in the form of a structure called a " syconium". The syconium of ''Ficus'' species supply shelter and food for fig wasps and the trees depend on the fig wasps for pollination. Frugivore birds disperse the seeds of banyans. The seeds are small, and bec ...
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Ficus Benghalensis
''Ficus benghalensis'', commonly known as the banyan, banyan fig and Indian banyan, is a tree native to the Indian Subcontinent. Specimens in India are among the largest trees in the world by canopy coverage. It also known as the " strangler fig" because it starts out as epiphyte, that is, leaning on another tree that it ends up suffocating. Description ''Ficus benghalensis'' is an evergreen, fast-growing tree found mainly in monsoon and rainforests, that can reach a height of up to 30 meters. It is resistant to drought and mild frost. It produces propagating roots which grow downwards as aerial roots on the branches that grow downward like lianas. Once these roots reach the ground, they take root and become woody trunks and supportive. The figs produced by the tree are eaten by birds such as the Indian myna. Fig seeds that pass through the digestive system of birds are more likely to germinate and sprout earlier. Reproduction Banyan trees reproduce easily by seed or by s ...
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Ficus
''Ficus'' ( or ) is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. The common fig (''F. carica'') is a temperate species native to southwest Asia and the Mediterranean region (from Afghanistan to Portugal), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses. Description ''Ficus'' is a pantropical genus of trees, shrubs, and vines occupying a wide variety of ecological niches; most are evergr ...
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Ficus Microcarpa
''Ficus microcarpa'', also known as Chinese banyan, Malayan banyan, Indian laurel, curtain fig, or , is a tree in the fig family Moraceae. It is native in a range from China through tropical Asia and the Caroline Islands to Australia. It is widely planted as a shade tree and frequently misidentified as ''F. retusa'' or as ''F. nitida'' (syn. ''F. benjamina''). Taxonomy ''Ficus microcarpa'' was described in 1782 by Carl Linnaeus the Younger. The species has a considerable number of synonyms. In 1965, E. J. H. Corner described seven varieties (and two forms of ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''microcarpa'') pages 22–23 which were regarded as synonyms under the name of ''Ficus microcarpa'' in the latest Flora Malesiana volume. Hill's weeping fig was first formally described as a species, ''Ficus hillii'', by Frederick Manson Bailey in the ''Botany Bulletin'' of the Queensland Department of Agriculture, based on the type specimen collected in the "scrubs of tropical Queensland'". ...
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Aerial Root
Aerial roots are roots above the ground. They are almost always adventitious. They are found in diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as orchids (''Orchidaceae''), tropical coastal swamp trees such as mangroves, banyan figs (''Ficus subg. Urostigma''), the warm-temperate rainforest rata ('' Metrosideros robusta''), and pohutukawa trees of New Zealand ('' Metrosideros excelsa''). Vines such as common ivy ('' Hedera helix'') and poison ivy ('' Toxicodendron radicans'') also have aerial roots. Types of aerial roots This plant organ that is found in so many diverse plant-families has different specializations that suit the plant-habitat. In general growth-form, they can be technically classed as '' negatively gravitropic'' (grows up and away from the ground) or ''positively gravitropic'' (grows down toward the ground). "Stranglers" (prop-root) Banyan trees are an example of a strangler fig that begins life as an epiphyte in the crown of another tree. Their roots gr ...
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Aerial Root
Aerial roots are roots above the ground. They are almost always adventitious. They are found in diverse plant species, including epiphytes such as orchids (''Orchidaceae''), tropical coastal swamp trees such as mangroves, banyan figs (''Ficus subg. Urostigma''), the warm-temperate rainforest rata ('' Metrosideros robusta''), and pohutukawa trees of New Zealand ('' Metrosideros excelsa''). Vines such as common ivy ('' Hedera helix'') and poison ivy ('' Toxicodendron radicans'') also have aerial roots. Types of aerial roots This plant organ that is found in so many diverse plant-families has different specializations that suit the plant-habitat. In general growth-form, they can be technically classed as '' negatively gravitropic'' (grows up and away from the ground) or ''positively gravitropic'' (grows down toward the ground). "Stranglers" (prop-root) Banyan trees are an example of a strangler fig that begins life as an epiphyte in the crown of another tree. Their roots gr ...
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Strangler Fig
Strangler fig is the common name for a number of tropical and subtropical plant species in the genus ''Ficus'', including those that are commonly known as banyans. Some of the more well-known species are: * '' Ficus altissima'' * ''Ficus aurea'', also known as the Florida strangler fig * ''Ficus benghalensis'' * ''Ficus benjamina'' * '' Ficus burtt-davyi'' * ''Ficus citrifolia'' * '' Ficus craterostoma'' * ''Ficus tinctoria'' * ''Ficus macrophylla'' * ''Ficus obliqua'' * ''Ficus virens'' *''Ficus watkinsiana'' *''Ficus henneana'' These all share a common "strangling" growth habit that is found in many tropical forest species, particularly of the genus ''Ficus''. This growth habit is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. Strangler figs suck up the nutrients from its victims, causing them to die eventually. These plants are hemiepiphytes, spending the first part of their life without rooting into the ground. Their seeds, often bird- di ...
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Strangler Fig
Strangler fig is the common name for a number of tropical and subtropical plant species in the genus ''Ficus'', including those that are commonly known as banyans. Some of the more well-known species are: * '' Ficus altissima'' * ''Ficus aurea'', also known as the Florida strangler fig * ''Ficus benghalensis'' * ''Ficus benjamina'' * '' Ficus burtt-davyi'' * ''Ficus citrifolia'' * '' Ficus craterostoma'' * ''Ficus tinctoria'' * ''Ficus macrophylla'' * ''Ficus obliqua'' * ''Ficus virens'' *''Ficus watkinsiana'' *''Ficus henneana'' These all share a common "strangling" growth habit that is found in many tropical forest species, particularly of the genus ''Ficus''. This growth habit is an adaptation for growing in dark forests where the competition for light is intense. Strangler figs suck up the nutrients from its victims, causing them to die eventually. These plants are hemiepiphytes, spending the first part of their life without rooting into the ground. Their seeds, often bird- di ...
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National Tree
This is a list of national trees, most official, but some unofficial. National trees See also * National emblem * Floral emblem * List of U.S. State and territory trees References {{DEFAULTSORT:List Of National Trees N Trees In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are u ...
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India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago., "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to betwee ...
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Hierarchical
A hierarchy (from Greek: , from , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in a wide variety of fields, such as architecture, philosophy, design, mathematics, computer science, organizational theory, systems theory, systematic biology, and the social sciences (especially political philosophy). A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates, although a system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path. All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one ...
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