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Bakla
In the Philippines, a baklâ (), bayot ( Cebuano) or agî ( Hiligaynon) is a person who was assigned male at birth and has adopted a feminine gender expression. They are often considered a third gender. Many bakla are exclusively attracted to men. The polar opposite of the term in Philippine culture is ''tomboy'' (natively the '' lakin-on'' or ''binalaki''), which refers to women with a masculine gender expression (usually, but not always, lesbian). The term is commonly incorrectly applied to trans women. Bakla are socially and economically integrated into Filipino society, having been accepted by society prior to Western colonization, many of which were held in high regard and performed the role of spiritual leaders known as babaylan, katalonan, and other shamans in pre-colonial Philippines. However, a minority group of Filipinos disapprove or reject the baklas, usually on religious grounds. The stereotype of a baklâ is a ''parlorista''—a flamboyant, camp cross-dresser ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Katalonan
Filipino shamans, commonly known as (also ''Balian'' or , among many other names), were Shamanism, shamans of the various Ethnic groups in the Philippines, ethnic groups of the History of the Philippines (900–1521), pre-colonial Philippines, Philippine islands. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the ancestor spirit, spirits of the dead and the nature spirits, spirits of nature. They were almost always women or Bakla, feminized men ( or ). They were believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (''anito'' or ''Anito, diwata'') and the Spirit world (Spiritualism), spirit world. Their primary role were as mediumship, mediums during ''pag-anito'' séance rituals. There were also various subtypes of specializing in the arts of Traditional medicine, healing and herbalism, divination, and Witchcraft, sorcery. Terminology The most common native terms for shamans among Austronesian peoples, Au ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Babaylan
Filipino shamans, commonly known as (also ''Balian'' or , among many other names), were shamans of the various ethnic groups of the pre-colonial Colonialism is a practice or policy of control by one people or power over other people or areas, often by establishing colonies and generally with the aim of economic dominance. In the process of colonisation, colonisers may impose their relig ... Philippines, Philippine islands. These shamans specialized in communicating, appeasing, or harnessing the ancestor spirit, spirits of the dead and the nature spirits, spirits of nature. They were almost always women or Bakla, feminized men ( or ). They were believed to have spirit guides, by which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities (''anito'' or ''Anito, diwata'') and the Spirit world (Spiritualism), spirit world. Their primary role were as mediumship, mediums during ''pag-anito'' séance rituals. There were also various subtypes of specializing in the arts of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Gender
Third gender is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves or by society, as neither man nor woman. It is also a social category present in societies that recognize three or more genders. The term ''third'' is usually understood to mean "other", though some anthropologists and sociologists have described fourth and fifthGraham, Sharyn (2001)Sulawesi's fifth gender Inside Indonesia, April–June 2001. genders. The state of personally identifying as, or being identified by society as, a man, a woman, or other, is usually also defined by the individual's gender identity and gender role in the particular culture in which they live. Most cultures use a gender binary, having two genders (boys/men and girls/women).Kevin L. Nadal, ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender'' (2017, ), page 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Māhū
' ('in the middle') in Native Hawaiian and Tahitian cultures are third gender people with traditional spiritual and social roles within the culture, similar to Tongan ' and Samoan '. Historically māhū were assigned male at birth (AMAB), but in modern usage māhū can refer to a variety of genders and sexual orientations. According to present-day māhū kumu hula Kaua'i Iki: In modern popular culture, ''māhū'' is commonly used pejoratively of LGBTQ people. History According to some, in the pre-colonial history of Hawai'i, māhū were notable priests and healers, although much of this history was elided through the intervention of missionaries. Others describe the māhū as not having access to political power, being unable to aspire to leadership roles, and "Perceived as always available for sexual conquest by men." The first published description of māhū occurs in Captain William Bligh's logbook of the Bounty, which stopped in Tahiti in 1789, where he was introduced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Effeminate
Effeminacy is the embodiment of traits and/or expressions in those who are not of the female sex (e.g. boys and men) that are often associated with what is generally perceived to be feminine behaviours, mannerisms, styles, or gender roles, rather than with traditionally masculine behaviours, mannerisms, styles or roles. Effeminacy and other gender expressions are independent of a person's sexuality or sexual identity and are displayed by people of all sexualities and none. However, effeminacy is seen in some societies as something embodied by some in the homosexual male community. The embodiment of effeminacy by people in some societies has resulted in prejudice, discrimination, antagonism and insults towards those who display it. History Terminology ''Effeminate'' comes from Latin '' effeminātus'', from the factitive prefix ''ex-'' (from ''ex'' 'out') and ''femina'' 'woman'; it means 'made feminine, emasculated, weakened'. Another Latin term is ''mollities'', meaning 'softn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hijra (South Asia)
In the Indian subcontinent, hijra ur} bn, kn, te, pa, or, , and / ''khusra'' (Punjabi). are eunuchs, intersex people, or transgender people who live in communities that follow a kinship system known as guru-chela system. Also known as aravani, aruvani, and jogappa, the hijra community in India prefer to call themselves "kinnar", referring to the mythological beings that excel at song and dance. In Pakistan, they are known as khawaja sira, the equivalent of transgender in the Urdu language. Hijras are officially recognised as a third gender in the Abbottabad, being considered neither completely male nor female. Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity, as suggested by the '' Kama Sutra''. Starting in the 19th century, hijras were targeted by British colonial authorities who sought to eradicate them, criminalised under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philippine Mythology
Philippine mythology is the body of stories and epics originating from, and part of, the indigenous Philippine folk religions, which include various ethnic faiths distinct from one another. Philippine mythology is incorporated from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay myths, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Shinto, Buddhist, and Christian traditions, such as the notion of heaven ('' kaluwalhatian'', ''kalangitan'', ''kamurawayan'', etc.), hell (''kasamaan'', ''sulad'', etc.), and the human soul (''kaluluwa'', ''kaulolan'', ''makatu'', ''ginokud'', etc.). Philippine mythology attempts to explain the nature of the world through the lives and actions of heroes, deities (referred to as anito or diwata in some ethnic groups), and mythological creatures. The majority of these myths were passed on through oral tradition, and preserved through the aid of community spiritual leaders or shamans (''babaylan'', ''katalonan'', ''mumbaki'', ''baglan'', ''machanitu'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kathoey
''Kathoey'' or ''katoey'' ( th, กะเทย; ) is an identity used by some people in Thailand, whose identities in English may be best described as transgender women in some cases, or effeminate gay men in other cases. Transgender women in Thailand mostly use terms other than when referring to themselves, such as ( th, ผู้หญิง, links=no, 'woman'). A significant number of Thai people perceive ''kathoey'' as belonging to a separate sex, including some transgender women themselves.Winter, Sam (2003). Research and discussion paper: ''Language and identity in transgender: gender wars and the case of the Thai kathoey''. Paper presented at the Hawaii conference on Social Sciences, Waikiki, June 2003Article online. In the face of the many sociopolitical obstacles that ' navigate in Thailand, ' activism has led to legal recognition as of January 2015. Terminology A study of 195 Thai transgender women found that most of the participants referred to themselves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masculine
Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors considered masculine are influenced by both cultural factors and biological factors. To what extent masculinity is biologically or socially influenced is subject to debate. It is distinct from the definition of the biological male sex, as anyone can exhibit masculine traits. Standards of masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods. Overview Masculine qualities and roles are considered typical of, appropriate for, and expected of boys and men. Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures, subcultures, ethnic groups and historical periods. Traits traditionally viewed as masculine in Western society include strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness.Thomas, R. Murray (20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans Women
A trans woman or a transgender woman is a woman who was assigned male at birth. Trans women have a female gender identity, may experience gender dysphoria, and may transition; this process commonly includes hormone replacement therapy and sometimes sex reassignment surgery, which can bring relief and resolve feelings of gender dysphoria. Like cisgender women, trans women may have any sexual orientation. The term ''transgender woman'' is not always interchangeable with ''transsexual woman'', although the terms are often used interchangeably. ''Transgender'' is an umbrella term that includes different types of gender variant people (including transsexual people). Trans women face significant discrimination in many areas of life, including in employment and access to housing, and face physical and sexual violence and hate crimes, including from partners; in the United States, discrimination is particularly severe towards trans women who are members of a racial minority, wh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Filipino Society
The culture of the Philippines is characterized by cultural diversity. Although the multiple ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago have only recently established a shared Filipino national identity, their cultures were all shaped by the geography and history of the region, and by centuries of interaction with neighboring cultures, and colonial powers. In more recent times, Filipino culture has also been influenced through its participation in the global community. " History Among the contemporary ethnic groups of the Philippine archipelago, the Negritos are generally considered the earliest settlers; today, although few in numbers, they preserve a very traditional way of life and culture. After those early settlers, the Austronesians arrived on the archipelago. The Austronesian culture is strongly evident in the ethnic majority and languages. Before the arrival of European colonizers in the 1500s, the various ethnic groups of the Philippines were organized into various ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gender Non-conforming
Gender variance or gender nonconformity is behavior or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine or feminine gender norms. A gender-nonconforming person may be variant in their gender identity, being transgender or non-binary, or they may be cisgender. In the case of transgender people, they may be perceived, or perceive themselves as, gender-nonconforming before transitioning, but might not be perceived as such after transitioning. Transgender adults who appear gender-nonconforming after transition are more likely to experience transphobic discrimination. Terminology People who exhibit gender variance may be called ''gender-variant'', ''gender-nonconforming'', ''gender-diverse,'' or ''gender-atypical''. The terms ''gender variance'' and ''gender-variant'' are used by scholars of psychology, psychiatry, anthropology, and gender studies, as well as advocacy groups of gender-variant people themselves. The term ''gender-variant'' is deliberately broad, en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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