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B. Picart
Bernard Picart or Picard (11 June 1673 – 8 May 1733), was a French draughtsman, engraver, and book illustrator in Amsterdam, who showed an interest in cultural and religious habits. Life Picart was born in rue Saint-Jacques, Paris as son of Etienne Picart, a famous engraver. In 1689, he studied drawing and architecture at the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture. He was taught by Charles le Brun, along with Benoît Audran the Elder, Sébastien Leclerc and Antoine Coypel. In 1696 he wintered in Antwerp, where he was well-received. He stayed in Amsterdam for more than a year and had commissions before returning to France at the end of 1698. He took over his father's workshop. After his wife, Cloudina Pros, the daughter of a bookseller, and their children died, he settled in The Hague together with Prosper Marchand in January 1710. There Picart, Marchand and Charles Levier belonged to a "radical Huguenot coterie", who studied the works of John Locke, which pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernard Picart, After Jean-Marc Nattier
Bernard (''Bernhard'') is a French and West Germanic masculine given name. It is also a surname. The name is attested from at least the 9th century. West Germanic ''Bernhard'' is composed from the two elements ''bern'' "bear" and ''hard'' "brave, hardy". Its native Old English reflex was ''Beornheard'', which was replaced by the French form ''Bernard'' that was brought to England after the Norman Conquest. The name ''Bernhard'' was notably popular among Old Frisian speakers. Its wider use was popularized due to Saint Bernhard of Clairvaux (canonized in 1174). Bernard is the second most common surname in France. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 42.2% of all known bearers of the surname ''Bernard'' were residents of France (frequency 1:392), 12.5% of the United States (1:7,203), 7.0% of Haiti (1:382), 6.6% of Tanzania (1:1,961), 4.8% of Canada (1:1,896), 3.6% of Nigeria (1:12,221), 2.7% of Burundi (1:894), 1.9% of Belgium (1:1,500), 1.6% of Rwanda (1:1,745), 1.2% of German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Church And State
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular state (with or without legally explicit church-state separation) and to disestablishment, the changing of an existing, formal relationship between the church and the state. Although the concept is older, the exact phrase "separation of church and state" is derived from "wall of separation between church and state", a term coined by Thomas Jefferson. The concept was promoted by Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke. In a society, the degree of political separation between the church and the civil state is determined by the legal structures and prevalent legal views that define the proper relationship between organized religion and the state. The arm's length principle proposes a relationship wherein the two political entities interact ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poorter
Poorter () is an historical term for a type of Dutch, or Flemish, burgher who had acquired the right to live within the walls of a city with city rights. In the Dutch Republic, this ''poorterrecht'' or ''poorterschap'' (citizenship) could be gained by paying a sum of money to, and registering, with the magistrate of the city. The payment of money was to prove that one was not poor, and that one could maintain a household. There were also religious restrictions, and numerous cities forbade Jews from attaining citizenship. An oath was also taken. Some cities also had ''grootburgers'' ( grand burghers), who received more rights than normal citizens, but had to pay a higher price to acquire it. The privileges were abolished after the French invasion of the Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic in 1794-1795. There was a distinction between the ordinary inhabitants of the city (residents) and the poorters, who enjoyed a higher status because of their origin, education, incom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Frontispiece
A frontispiece in books is a decorative or informative illustration facing a book's title page—on the left-hand, or verso, page opposite the right-hand, or recto, page. In some ancient editions or in modern luxury editions the frontispiece features thematic or allegorical elements, in others is the author's portrait that appears as the frontispiece. In medieval illuminated manuscripts, a presentation miniature showing the book or text being presented (by whom and to whom varies) was often used as a frontispiece. Origin The word comes from the French ''frontispice'', which derives from the late Latin ''frontispicium'', composed of the Latin ''frons'' ('forehead') and ''specere'' ('to look at'). It was synonymous with ' metoposcopy'. In English, it was originally used as an architectural term, referring to the decorative facade of a building. In the 17th century, in other languages as in Italian, the term came to refer to the title page of a book, which at the time was o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mennonite
Mennonites are groups of Anabaptist Christian church communities of denominations. The name is derived from the founder of the movement, Menno Simons (1496–1561) of Friesland. Through his writings about Reformed Christianity during the Radical Reformation, Simons articulated and formalized the teachings of earlier Swiss founders, with the early teachings of the Mennonites founded on the belief in both the mission and ministry of Jesus, which the original Anabaptist followers held with great conviction, despite persecution by various Roman Catholic and Mainline Protestant states. Formal Mennonite beliefs were codified in the Dordrecht Confession of Faith in 1632, which affirmed "the baptism of believers only, the washing of the feet as a symbol of servanthood, church discipline, the shunning of the excommunicated, the non-swearing of oaths, marriage within the same church, strict pacifistic physical nonresistance, anti-Catholicism and in general, more emphasis on "true Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Levinus Vincent
Levinus Vincent the Younger, (1658 in Amsterdam – 8 November 1727 in Haarlem) was a rich Dutch designer of patterns and merchant of luxurious textiles, such as damask, silk and brocade.Colenbrander, S. (2010). Zolang de weefkunst bloeit : zijdeweverijen in Amsterdam en Haarlem, 1585-175/ref> Biography Lieven's parents were Cornelis Joosten Heyns, a wine merchant from Harlingen, Netherlands, Harlingen and Neeltje IJsbrants from Petten, both Mennonites, who married in 1652. His mother was the widow of Vincent Pieterss who lived at Rokin. In 1657 his father was living in Sierra Leone and was involved in Danish Africa Company, together with Hendrik Carloff. The contract was signed in his (actually her) house. In 1666 he tried to save a ship named " Charles" after the Holmes's Bonfire. In 1668 Livinus (the Elder) and Ysbrand sold the house belonging to their mother. When Levinus married Joanna van Breda in 1683 his father was staying in the West Indies (?) and his half brother ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nil Volentibus Arduum
''Nil volentibus arduum'' is a Latin expression meaning "nothing is impossible for those willing", and the name of a 17th-century Dutch literary society that tried to bring French literature to the Dutch Republic. Short history of the literary society Introduction The ''Nil volentibus arduum'' literary society attempted to dictate the terms of the Dutch literary world and to exert intellectual influence by imposing the poetic rules of Aristotle, Horace, and Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux. This society of francophilesNote that an article published Wednesday 16 June 2010 in ''Le Soir'', presented a polemic saying that this group of intellectuals and defenders of French culture were, on the contrary, the enemies of both it and the '' Académie française'': :''Nil volentibus arduum...'' ''"À cœur vaillant, rien d’impossible"'' (To a valiant heart, nothing is impossible )'' was the Latin adage with which Bart De Wever introduced his victory speech on election night. The name also re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Playwrights
A playwright or dramatist is a person who writes plays. Etymology The word "play" is from Middle English pleye, from Old English plæġ, pleġa, plæġa ("play, exercise; sport, game; drama, applause"). The word "wright" is an archaic English term for a craftsman or builder (as in a wheelwright or cartwright). The words combine to indicate a person who has "wrought" words, themes, and other elements into a dramatic form—a play. (The homophone with "write" is coincidental.) The first recorded use of the term "playwright" is from 1605, 73 years before the first written record of the term "dramatist". It appears to have been first used in a pejorative sense by Ben Jonson to suggest a mere tradesman fashioning works for the theatre. Jonson uses the word in his Epigram 49, which is thought to refer to John Marston: :''Epigram XLIX — On Playwright'' :PLAYWRIGHT me reads, and still my verses damns, :He says I want the tongue of epigrams ; :I have no salt, no bawdry he doth m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haarlem
Haarlem (; predecessor of ''Harlem'' in English) is a city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is the capital of the province of North Holland. Haarlem is situated at the northern edge of the Randstad, one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe; it is also part of the Amsterdam metropolitan area, being located about 15 km to the west of the core city of Amsterdam. Haarlem had a population of in . Haarlem was granted city status or '' stadsrechten'' in 1245, although the first city walls were not built until 1270. The modern city encompasses the former municipality of Schoten as well as parts that previously belonged to Bloemendaal and Heemstede. Apart from the city, the municipality of Haarlem also includes the western part of the village of Spaarndam. Newer sections of Spaarndam lie within the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer. Geography Haarlem is located on the river Spaarne, giving it its nickname 'Spaarnestad' (Spaarne city). It is sit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Étienne Picart
Étienne, a French analog of Stephen or Steven, is a masculine given name. An archaic variant of the name, prevalent up to the mid-17th century, is Estienne. Étienne, Etienne, Ettiene or Ettienne may refer to: People Scientists and inventors *Étienne Bézout (1730–1783), French mathematician *Étienne Louis Geoffroy (1725–1810), French entomologist and pharmacist *Étienne Laspeyres (1834–1913), German professor of economics and statistics *Étienne Lenoir (1822–1900), Belgian engineer who invented the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers *Étienne Lenoir (instrument maker) (1744–1832), French scientific instrument maker and inventor of the repeating circle surveying instrument *Étienne Mulsant (1797–1880), French entomologist and ornithologist *Étienne Pascal (1588–1651), French lawyer, scientist and mathematician best known as the father of Blaise Pascal *Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844), French naturalist *Étienne Pierre V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Republic
The United Provinces of the Netherlands, also known as the (Seven) United Provinces, officially as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Dutch: ''Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden''), and commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a federal republic that existed from 1579, during the Dutch Revolt, to 1795 (the Batavian Revolution). It was a predecessor state of the Netherlands and the first fully independent Dutch nation state. The republic was established after seven Dutch provinces in the Spanish Netherlands revolted against rule by Spain. The provinces formed a mutual alliance against Spain in 1579 (the Union of Utrecht) and declared their independence in 1581 (the Act of Abjuration). It comprised Groningen, Frisia, Overijssel, Guelders, Utrecht, Holland and Zeeland. Although the state was small and contained only around 1.5 million inhabitants, it controlled a worldwide network of seafaring trade routes. Through its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
