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Anopheles
''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – ''Plasmodium falciparum''. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word 'useless', derived from , 'not', 'un-' and 'profit'. Mosquitoes in other genera ('' Aedes'', '' Culex'', '' Culiseta'', '' Haemagogus'', and '' Ochlerotatus'') can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria. Evolution The ancestors of ''Drosophila'' and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between and . '' Anoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxonomy Of Anopheles
''Anopheles'' is a genus of mosquitoes (Culicidae). Of about 484 recognised species, over 100 can transmit human malaria, but only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'' that cause malaria, which affects humans in endemic (ecology), endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the deadly species ''Plasmodium falciparum''. Classification The classification of this genus began in 1901 with Frederick Vincent Theobald. Despite the passage of time, the taxonomy remains incompletely settled. Classification into species is based on morphological characteristics - wing spots, head anatomy, larval and pupal anatomy, and chromosome structure, and more recently on DNA sequences. The genus ''Anopheles'' belongs to a subfamily Anophelinae with three genera: ''Anopheles'' Meigen (nearly worldwide distribution), ''Bironella'' Theobald (Australia only: 11 described species) and ''Chagasia'' Cruz ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Quadrimaculatus
''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus '' Plasmodium'', which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – '' Plasmodium falciparum''. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word 'useless', derived from , 'not', 'un-' and 'profit'. Mosquitoes in other genera (''Aedes'', ''Culex'', ''Culiseta'', ''Haemagogus'', and ''Ochlerotatus'') can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria. Evolution The ancestors of '' Drosophila'' and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between and . ''Anop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles
''Anopheles'' () is a genus of mosquito first described and named by J. W. Meigen in 1818. About 460 species are recognised; while over 100 can transmit human malaria, only 30–40 commonly transmit parasites of the genus ''Plasmodium'', which cause malaria in humans in endemic areas. ''Anopheles gambiae'' is one of the best known, because of its predominant role in the transmission of the most dangerous malaria parasite species (to humans) – ''Plasmodium falciparum''. The name comes from the Ancient Greek word 'useless', derived from , 'not', 'un-' and 'profit'. Mosquitoes in other genera ('' Aedes'', '' Culex'', '' Culiseta'', '' Haemagogus'', and '' Ochlerotatus'') can also serve as vectors of disease agents, but not human malaria. Evolution The ancestors of ''Drosophila'' and the mosquitoes diverged . The culicine and ''Anopheles'' clades of mosquitoes diverged between and . The Old and New World ''Anopheles'' species subsequently diverged between and . '' Anoph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Gambiae
The ''Anopheles gambiae'' complex consists of at least seven morphologically indistinguishable species of mosquitoes in the genus ''Anopheles''. The complex was recognised in the 1960s and includes the most important vectors of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly of the most dangerous malaria parasite, ''Plasmodium falciparum''. It is one of the most efficient malaria vectors known. The ''An. gambiae'' mosquito additionally transmits ''Wuchereria bancrofti'' which causes lymphatic filariasis, a symptom of which is elephantiasis. Discovery and elements The ''Anopheles gambiae'' complex or ''Anopheles gambiae'' sensu lato was recognized as a species complex only in the 1960s. The ''A. gambiae'' complex consists of: * '' Anopheles arabiensis'' * ''Anopheles bwambae'' * ''Anopheles melas'' * ''Anopheles merus'' * ''Anopheles quadriannulatus'' * ''Anopheles gambiae'' sensu stricto ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Freeborni
''Anopheles freeborni'', commonly known as the western malaria mosquito, is a species of mosquito in the family Culicidae. It is typically found in the western United States and Canada. Adults are brown to black, with yellow-brown hairs and gray-brown stripes on the thorax. Their scaly wings have four dark spots, which are less distinct in the male. Male ''Anopheles freeborni'' aggregate into swarms to attract potential mates. Females are able to overwinter, allowing for seasonal development of eggs in the spring. The western malaria mosquito feeds on bloodmeals. Within the United States’ regions of semiarid or arid climate, it has been historically identified as the primary transmission vector for malaria. It was most notably involved in the malaria outbreaks of northern California during the turn of the 20th century. Description Adult ''A. freeborni'' are medium-sized with overall brown to black coloration. They possess a dark proboscis as well as palpi of similar leng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mosquito
Mosquitoes (or mosquitos) are members of a group of almost 3,600 species of small flies within the family Culicidae (from the Latin ''culex'' meaning " gnat"). The word "mosquito" (formed by ''mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish for "little fly". Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, one pair of halteres, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and elongated mouthparts. The mosquito life cycle consists of egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch into motile larvae that feed on aquatic algae and organic material. These larvae are important food sources for many freshwater animals, such as dragonfly nymphs, many fish, and some birds such as ducks. The adult females of most species have tube-like mouthparts (called a proboscis) that can pierce the skin of a host and feed on blood, which contains protein and iron needed to produce eggs. Thousands of mosquito species feed on the blood of various hosts � ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Albimanus
''Anopheles albimanus'' is a species of mosquito in the order Diptera. It is found in coastal Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Mexico. It is a generalist species and capable of wide dispersion. ''A. albimanus'' is a common malaria vector. Anatomy Mosquitoes have long legs and one pair of wings. Females have piercing, sucking mouthparts to penetrate hosts. Males have a proboscis as well, but are unable to pierce. The vibration of membranes on the thorax creates the distinguishable whining sound. Taxonomy and evolution ''Anopheles albimanus'' appears to be a single species that shows polymorphism. It is believed that this species originated in the Caribbean, moved first to Central America, then South America. Studies suggest that the occurrence of the founder effect is the cause of the current population structure. Research using mitochondrial DNA found some modest differences between Central and South American populations. It has been hypothesized that this coul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Subpictus
''Anopheles (Cellia) subpictus'' is a species complex of four species (A, B, C and D) of mosquito belonging to the genus ''Anopheles''. Subgenus classification The genus ''Anopheles'' has been subdivided into seven subgenera – ''Anopheles'', '' Baimaia'', '' Cellia'', ''Kerteszia'', '' Lophopodomyia'', ''Nyssorhynchus'' and ''Stethomyia'' – based primarily on the number and positions of specialized setae on the gonocoxites of the male genitalia. Within the subgenus but above the level of species a number of additional taxonomic ranks have been created. While not officially recognised they are in widespread use. The full classification of this species complex is: *Subgenus Cellia *Series Pyretophorus *Complex ''Anopheles subpictus'' Bionomics The larvae are typically found in fresh water or rainwater pools often near urban peripheries or rural houses. They are also found in barrow pits, buffalo wallows and artificial containers. Species B is the only species restrict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Nili
''Anopheles nili'' is a species of mosquito in the Culicidae family. It comprises the following elements: ''An. carnevalei'', ''An. nili'', ''An. ovengensis'' and ''An. somalicus''. The scientific name of this species was first published in 1904 by Theobald. It is the main mosquito species found in the south Cameroon forest zone which bites humans. It is known as a problematic carrier of malaria, although newly discovered, closely related species in the same genus have also been found to interact with ''A. nili'' as a disease vector. In that, they both have similar feeding habits on local targets in the Cameroon region. Life Cycle For more information, see mosquito life cycle.Similar to all mosquitoes, ''Anopheles nili'' go through a life stages of egg, larva, pupa, then emerge as adults. ''A. nili'' is a generalist species, meaning that they may adapt to different environments to survive. This has worked to the detriment of human health, as the mosquito species has become ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Stephensi
''Anopheles stephensi'' is a primary mosquito vector of malaria in urban India and is included in the same subgenus as '' Anopheles gambiae'', the primary malaria vector in Africa. ''A. gambiae'' consists of a complex of morphologically identical species of mosquitoes, along with all other major malaria vectors; however, ''A. stephensi'' has not yet been included in any of these complexes. Nevertheless, two races of ''A. stephensi'' exist based on differences in egg dimensions and the number of ridges on the eggs; ''A. s. stephensi'' ''sensu stricto'', the type form, is a competent malaria vector that takes place in urban areas, and ''A. s. mysorensis'', the variety form, exists in rural areas and exhibits considerable zoophilic behaviour, making it a poor malaria vector. However, ''A. s. mysorensis'' is a detrimental vector in Iran.Sinka, M.E., Bangs, M.J., Manguin, S., Chareonviriyaphap, T., Patil, A.P., Temperley, W.H., Gething, P. W., Elyazar, I.R.F., Kabaria, C.W., Harbach, R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Atroparvus
''Anopheles atroparvus'' is a European species of mosquito, which was first identified in 1927. It is one of the most abundant palearctic Anopheles species belonging to the family Culicidae, commonly called mosquitoes. Although research interest in ''A. atroparvus'' has been low in the past several decades, recent concern for an increase in vector-borne disease has encouraged new research into this species. ''A. atroparvus'' underwent population reduction in many areas where it was once abundant due to pollution of natural habitats, vector control measures, and the reduction of suitable habitat through drying or flooding. It is the natural prey to many fish and insect species, and preys upon mainly humans, birds and livestock associated with farmland and farm dwellings. Taxonomy ''A. atroparvus'' belongs to the subgenre ''Anopheles'' among a group defined by the ''maculipennis'' complex Differentiation between ''Anopheles'' species is often not possible at a phenotypic leve ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anopheles Walkeri
''Anopheles walkeri'' is a species of mosquito found predominantly throughout the Mississippi River Valley, with its habitat ranging as far north as southern Quebec, Canada. The eggs of ''A. walkeri'' are laid directly on the water surface in freshwater swamp habitats. Since its eggs are not resistant to desiccation, this species is restricted to swampy regions with plenty of water. ''Anopheles walkeri'', as with many other anophelines, begins to become active later in the evening than most other mosquito species in its range. This species becomes especially active late at night when in search of a blood meal. Feeding activity is affected greatly by environmental conditions within its microclimate. Wind, low humidity and cool temperatures (around and below), are all negatively correlated with feeding aggression. Life cycle ''Anopheles walkeri'' has a multivoltine life cycle. It produces a hardy winter egg which differs morphologically from the more vulnerable summer e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
