|
Adenoviridae
Adenoviruses (members of the family ''Adenoviridae'') are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953. They have a broad range of vertebrate hosts; in humans, more than 50 distinct adenoviral serotypes have been found to cause a wide range of illnesses, from mild respiratory infections in young children (known as the common cold) to life-threatening multi-organ disease in people with a weakened immune system. Virology Classification This family contains the following genera: * ''Atadenovirus'' * '' Aviadenovirus'' * ''Ichtadenovirus'' * ''Mastadenovirus'' (including all human adenoviruses) * ''Siadenovirus'' * '' Testadenovirus'' Diversity In humans, currently there are 88 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) in seven species (Human adenovirus A to G): * A: 12, 18, 31 * B: 3, 7, 11, 14, 16, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mastadenovirus
''Mastadenovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Adenoviridae''. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. There are 51 species in this genus. The genus as a whole includes many very common causes of human infection, estimated to be responsible for 2 to 5% of all respiratory infections, as well as gastrointestinal and eye infections. Symptoms are usually mild. Specific tropisms include: serotypes 3, 5, and 7: lower respiratory tract infections, serotypes 8, 19, and 37: epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, serotypes 4 and 7: acute respiratory disease, serotypes 40 and 41: gastroenteritis, serotype 14: can cause potentially fatal adenovirus infections. Canine mastadenovirus A (formerly canine adenovirus-1, CAdV-1) can lead to death in puppies, or encephalitis in other carnivore species. Etymology The name ''Mastadenovirus'' is derived from the Greek word ''mastos'' 'breast' (hence ''mammal'') and ''adenovirus'', named for the human adenoids, which the virus was first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Cold
The common cold or the cold is a viral infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract that primarily affects the respiratory mucosa of the nose, throat, sinuses, and larynx. Signs and symptoms may appear fewer than two days after exposure to the virus. These may include coughing, sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, headache, and fever. People usually recover in seven to ten days, but some symptoms may last up to three weeks. Occasionally, those with other health problems may develop pneumonia. Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in causing the common cold, with rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses and enteroviruses being the most common. They spread through the air during close contact with infected people or indirectly through contact with objects in the environment, followed by transfer to the mouth or nose. Risk factors include going to child care facilities, not sleeping well, and psychological stress. The symptoms are mostly due to the body's i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Adenovirus 41
Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-F41), is an enteric ''Adenovirus'', a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis, with symptoms similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus. It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms and can be detected by using molecular based assays and enzyme immunoassay. As of August 2022, human adenovirus 41 has been identified in a majority of small children with hepatitis of unknown cause in 2 case series. Classification Human adenovirus 41 belongs to the ''Adenoviridae'' family, and along with human adenovirus 40, is a member of species human mastadenovirus F. Pathology It can particularly target the gastrointestinal tract to cause gastroenteritis in very young children. Symptoms appear similar to rotavirus gastroenteritis and norovirus. It may be present in the gut without causing symptoms. In an investi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichtadenovirus
''Ichtadenovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Adenoviridae Adenoviruses (members of the family ''Adenoviridae'') are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from thei ...''. Fish serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Sturgeon ichtadenovirus A''. Structure Viruses in ''Ichtadenovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=25 symmetry. The diameter is around 90 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 35-36kb in length. The genome codes for 40 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral fiber glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siadenovirus
''Siadenovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Adenoviridae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are eight species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * ''Frog siadenovirus A'' * ''Great tit siadenovirus A'' * ''Penguin siadenovirus A'' * ''Psittacine siadneovirus D'' * ''Psittacine siadenovirus E'' * ''Raptor siadenovirus A'' * ''Skua siadenovirus A'' * ''Turkey siadenovirus A Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...'' Structure Viruses in ''Siadenovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=25 symmetry. The diameter is around 90 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 35-36kb in length. The genome codes for 25 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenovirus Infection
Adenovirus infection is a contagious viral disease, caused by ''Adenoviruses'', commonly resulting in a respiratory tract infection. Typical symptoms range from those of a common cold, such as nasal congestion, coryza and cough, to difficulty breathing as in pneumonia. Other general symptoms include fever, fatigue, muscle aches, headache, abdominal pain and swollen neck glands. Onset is usually two to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. A mild eye infection may occur on its own, combined with a sore throat and fever, or as a more severe adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis with a painful red eye, intolerance to light and discharge. Very young children may just have an earache. Adenovirus infection can present as a gastroenteritis with vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain, with or without respiratory symptoms. However, some people have no symptoms. Adenovirus infection in humans are generally caused by ''Adenoviruses'' types B, C, E and F. Spread occurs mainly whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atadenovirus
''Atadenovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Adenoviridae''. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are 10 species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following 10 species: * ''Bovine atadenovirus D'' * ''Bovine atadenovirus E'' * ''Deer atadenovirus A'' * ''Duck atadenovirus A'' * ''Lizard atadenovirus A'' * ''Lizard atadenovirus B'' * ''Ovine atadenovirus D'' * ''Possum atadenovirus A'' * ''Psittacine atadenovirus A'' * ''Snake atadenovirus A Snakes are elongated, limbless, carnivorous reptiles of the suborder Serpentes . Like all other squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints ...'' Structure Viruses in ''Atadenovirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=25 symmetry. The diameter is around 90 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 30kb in length. The genome codes for 30 proteins. Life cycle Viral replica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nucleocapsid
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material. It consists of several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits made of protein called protomers. The observable 3-dimensional morphological subunits, which may or may not correspond to individual proteins, are called capsomeres. The proteins making up the capsid are called capsid proteins or viral coat proteins (VCP). The capsid and inner genome is called the nucleocapsid. Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure. The majority of the viruses have capsids with either Helix, helical or icosahedral structure. Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures due to constraints of elasticity and electrostatics. The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape resembles the shape of a Spring (device), spring, taking the space of a cylinder but not being a cylinder itself. The capsid faces may ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea. Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898,Dimmock p. 4 more than 9,000 virus species have been described in detail of the millions of types of viruses in the environment. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most numerous type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a subspeciality of microbiology. When infected, a host cell is often forced to rapidly produce thousands of copies of the original virus. When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles, or ''virions'', consisting of (i) the genetic ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenovirus Serotype 14
Adenovirus serotype 14 (Ad14) is a serovar of adenovirus which, unlike other adenovirus serovars, is known to cause potentially fatal adenovirus infections. According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as of September 2007, outbreaks have been identified in four states in the U.S., with ten identified deaths since May 2006. Symptoms The virus shows symptoms typical of adenoviral infections. Although these infections are common in humans, they are rarely fatal. Symptoms include: # Cold symptoms, such as coughing, sore throat, sneezing, and a runny nose # Pharyngitis # Bronchitis # Diarrhea # Pneumonia # Conjunctivitis # Fever # Cystitis (bladder inflammation) # Rash illness The viral infection presents with symptoms similar to those of other common bacterial and viral infections, such as influenza. Genetics Ad14 is a rare emerging virus that can cause severe respiratory infection, which can sometimes be fatal, even in healthy young ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonenveloped
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of many types of viruses. It protects the genetic material in their life cycle when traveling between host cells. Not all viruses have envelopes. Numerous human pathogenic viruses in circulation are encased in lipid bilayers, and they infect their target cells by causing the viral envelope and cell membrane to fuse. Although there are effective vaccines against some of these viruses, there is no preventative or curative medicine for the majority of them. In most cases, the known vaccines operate by inducing antibodies that prevent the pathogen from entering cells. This happens in the case of enveloped viruses when the antibodies bind to the viral envelope proteins. The membrane fusion event that triggers viral entrance is caused by the viral fusion protein. Many enveloped viruses only have one protein visible on the surface of the particle, which is required for both mediating adhesion to the cell surface and for the subsequent membrane fus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenovirus Serotype 36
Human adenovirus 36 (HAdV-36) or Ad-36 or Adv36 is one of 52 types of adenoviruses known to infect humans. AD-36, first isolated in 1978 from the feces of a girl suffering from diabetes and enteritis, has long been recognized as a cause of respiratory and eye infections in humans. It was first shown to be associated with obesity in chickens by Dr. Nikhil Dhurandhar. AD-36 infection can induce cellular differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and stem cells derived from human adipose tissue. Role in obesity There has been a positive correlation between body fat and the presence of AD-36 antibodies in the blood. Previous research showed that chickens or mice injected with similar types of viruses show a statistically significant weight gain. To date, AD-36 is the only human adenovirus that has been linked with human obesity, present in 30% of obese humans and 11% of nonobese humans. In addition, a study of obese Americans indicates that about 30% of the obese individuals and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.gif "Click for more on -> Nucleocapsid")
