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Turkmen Alphabet
The Turkmen alphabet ( tk, Türkmen elipbiýi / / ) refers to variants of the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language. The modified variant of the Latin alphabet currently has an official status in Turkmenistan. At the start of the 20th century, when Turkmen started to be written, it used the Arabic script, but in Soviet Turkmenistan in 1928, the Latin script was adopted. In 1940, the Russian influence in Soviet Turkmenistan prompted a switch to a Cyrillic alphabet and a Turkmen Cyrillic alphabet (shown below in the table alongside the Latin) was created. When Turkmenistan became independent in 1991, President Saparmurat Niyazov immediately instigated a return to the Latin script. When it was reintroduced in 1993, it was supposed to use some unusual letters, such as the pound ( £), dollar ( $), yen ( ¥) and cent signs ( ¢), but these were replaced by more conventional letter symbols in 1999. The political and social f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
En With Descender
En with descender (Ң ң; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter En (Н н) by adding a descender to the right leg. It commonly represents the velar nasal , like the pronunciation of in "sing". The Cyrillic letter En with descender is romanized as or . Usage The Cyrillic letter En with descender is used in the alphabets of the following languages: Computing codes See also *Ӊ ӊ : Cyrillic letter En with tail *Ӈ ӈ : Cyrillic letter En with hook *Ҥ ҥ : Cyrillic ligature En Ge *Ñ ñ : Latin letter Ñ *Ň ň : Latin letter Ň *Ń ń : Latin letter Ń *Ŋ ŋ : Latin letter Eng * : Latin letter N with descender *Cyrillic characters in Unicode As of Unicode version 15.0 Cyrillic script is encoded across several blocks: * CyrillicU+0400–U+04FF 256 characters * Cyrillic SupplementU+0500–U+052F 48 characters * Cyrillic Extended-AU+2DE0–U+2DFF 32 characters * Cyrillic Extended-BU ... {{Cyr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Alphabet
Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake of the Hussite movement, in one of his seminal works, '' De orthographia bohemica'' ( en, On Bohemian orthography). The modern Czech orthographic system is diacritic, having evolved from an earlier system which used many digraphs (although some digraphs have been kept - ''ch, dž''). The caron is added to standard Latin letters to express sounds which are foreign to Latin. The acute accent is used for long vowels. The Czech orthography is considered the model for many other Balto-Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet; Slovak orthography being its direct revised descendant, while the Serbo-Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and its Slovene descendant system are largely based on it. All of them make use of similar diacritics and also have a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slovak Alphabet
The first Slovak orthography was proposed by Anton Bernolák (1762–1813) in his ''Dissertatio philologico-critica de litteris Slavorum'', used in the six-volume ''Slovak-Czech-Latin-German-Hungarian Dictionary'' (1825–1927) and used primarily by Slovak Catholics. The standard orthography of the Slovak language is immediately based on the standard developed by Ľudovít Štúr in 1844 and reformed by Martin Hattala in 1851 with the agreement of Štúr. The then-current (1840s) form of the central Slovak dialect was chosen as the standard. It uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˇ(mäkčeň), ´(acute accent), ¨( diaeresis/umlaut), ˆ(circumflex)) placed on certain letters. After Hattala's reform, the standardized orthography remained mostly unchanged. Alphabet The Slovak alphabet is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Slovak language. It has 46 letters which makes it the longest Slavic and European alphabet. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Háček
A caron (), háček or haček (, or ; plural ''háčeks'' or ''háčky'') also known as a hachek, wedge, check, kvačica, strešica, mäkčeň, varnelė, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, flying bird, inverted chevron, is a diacritic mark (◌̌) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some languages to indicate a change of the related letter's pronunciation. The symbol is common in the Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic and Berber languages. The use of the caron differs according to the orthographic rules of a language. In most Slavic and other European languages it indicates present or historical palatalization (e → ě; [] → []), iotation, or postalveolar consonant, postalveolar articulation (c → č; → ). In Salishan languages, it often represents a uvular consonant (x → x̌; [] → ). When placed over vowel symbols, the caron can indicate a contour tone, for instance the falling and then rising tone in the Pinyin romanization of Standard C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Czech Orthography
Czech orthography is a system of rules for proper formal writing (orthography) in Czech. The earliest form of separate Latin script specifically designed to suit Czech was devised by Czech theologian and church reformist Jan Hus, the namesake of the Hussite movement, in one of his seminal works, '' De orthographia bohemica'' ( en, On Bohemian orthography). The modern Czech orthographic system is diacritic, having evolved from an earlier system which used many digraphs (although some digraphs have been kept - ''ch, dž''). The caron is added to standard Latin letters to express sounds which are foreign to Latin. The acute accent is used for long vowels. The Czech orthography is considered the model for many other Balto-Slavic languages using the Latin alphabet; Slovak orthography being its direct revised descendant, while the Serbo-Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet and its Slovene descendant system are largely based on it. All of them make use of similar diacritics and also have a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapheme
In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. The word ''grapheme'' is derived and the suffix ''-eme'' by analogy with ''phoneme'' and other names of emic units. The study of graphemes is called ''graphemics''. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in computing of a character. By comparison, a specific shape that represents any particular grapheme in a given typeface is called a glyph. Conceptualization There are two main opposing grapheme concepts. In the so-called ''referential conception'', graphemes are interpreted as the smallest units of writing that correspond with sounds (more accurately phonemes). In this concept, the ''sh'' in the written English word ''shake'' would be a grapheme because it represents the phoneme /ʃ/. This referential concept is linked to the ''dependency hypothesis'' that claims that writing merely depicts speech. By contrast, the ''analogical concept'' defines graphemes analogously ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velar Nasal
The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ''ng'' in English ''sing'' as well as ''n'' before velar consonants as in ''English'' and ''ink''. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol is similar to , the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to , the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called ' eng' or 'engma'. As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas or in many European, Middle Eastern or Caucasian languages, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages and is also common in many languages of Sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Kurdish
Southern Kurdish ( ku, کوردی باشووری ,کوردی خوارگ, Kurdî Başûrî, Kurdî Xwarig) is one of the dialects of the Kurdish language, spoken predominantly in northeastern Iraq and western Iran. The Southern Kurdish-speaking region spans from Khanaqin in Iraq to Dehloran southward and Asadabad eastward in Iran. Name Southern Kurdish is a new term coined by some Western linguists in order to refer to a group of dialects in Western Iran. According to the same linguists, the speakers of these dialects are not familiar with the term "Southern Kurdish" and do not refer to the language as such. According to the linguists: "When consulted about what kind of Kurdish they speak, respondents generally refer first to a very local variety (Kurdish of a given village), or a mid-level variety such as “Ardalāni” or “Garūsi”". Variants Southern Kurdish has many variants, linguist Fattah divides them into 35 varieties. These include: * Bicarî ** The most septe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrillic Script
, bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця , fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs , fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic , fam3 = Phoenician , fam4 = Greek script augmented by Glagolitic , sisters = , children = Old Permic script , unicode = , iso15924 = Cyrl , iso15924 note = Cyrs (Old Church Slavonic variant) , sample = Romanian Traditional Cyrillic - Lord's Prayer text.png , caption = 1780s Romanian text (Lord's Prayer), written with the Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking countries in Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, North Asia, and East Asia. , around 250 million people in Eurasia use Cyrilli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nh (digraph)
Nh is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, a combination of N and H. Together with '' ilh'' and the interpunct, it is a typical feature of Occitan, a language illustrated by medieval troubadours. It commonly represents the voiced palatal nasal � which is the same sound as the Spanish letter Ñ. African languages In some African languages, such as Gogo, nh is a voiceless . In the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea for its languages, nh represented a velar , which is currently written ŋ. Asian languages In the Gwoyeu Romatzyh romanization of Mandarin Chinese, initial ''nh-'' indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled ''n-.'' Japanese Early romanizations of Japanese, influenced by Portuguese orthography, sometimes used nh to represent a prepalatal. Today, this is usually written ny. Vietnamese In Vietnamese, nh represents a palatal word-initially. It was formerly considered a distinct letter, but is no longer. When this digraph occurs word- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
