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When used as a
diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacriti ...
mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the '' interpunct'' ( · ), or to the glyphs "combining dot above" ( ◌̇ ) and "combining dot below" ( ◌̣ ) which may be combined with some
letter Letter, letters, or literature may refer to: Characters typeface * Letter (alphabet), a character representing one or more of the sounds used in speech; any of the symbols of an alphabet. * Letterform, the graphic form of a letter of the alphabe ...
s of the extended
Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and th ...
s in use in Central European languages and
Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia ** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam. * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overse ...
.


Dots


Overdot

Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark: * In some forms of Arabic romanization, stands for '' ghayin'' (غ); stands for
qāf Qoph ( Phoenician Qōp ) is the nineteenth letter of the Semitic scripts. Aramaic Qop is derived from the Phoenician letter, and derivations from Aramaic include Hebrew Qof , Syriac Qōp̄ ܩ and Arabic . Its original sound value was a W ...
(ق). * The Latin orthography for Chechen includes ċ, ç̇, ġ, q̇, and ẋ. * In Emilian-Romagnol, ''ṅ ṡ ż'' are used to represent . * Traditional Irish typography, where the dot denotes
lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...
, and is called a or "dot of lenition": ''ḃ ċ ḋ ḟ ġ ṁ ṗ ṡ ṫ''. Alternatively, lenition may be represented by a following letter ''h'', thus: ''bh ch dh fh gh mh ph sh th''. In
Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writt ...
orthography, the dot was used only for ''ḟ ṡ'', while the following ''h'' was used for ''ch ph th''; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following ''h'' when writing in antiqua. Thus ''ċ'' and ''ch'' represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish. * lt, ė is pronounced as , as opposed to ''ę'', which is pronounced a lower (formerly nasalised), or ''e'', pronounced . * Livonian uses ȯ as one of its eight vowels. * mt, ċ is used for a
voiceless palato-alveolar affricate The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (formerly ...
, ''ġ'' for a
voiced palato-alveolar affricate The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic ...
, and ''ż'' for a voiced alveolar sibilant. *
Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...
: ''ẏ'' was sometimes used to distinguish etymological ''y'' from the glyph's use as a replacement for '' þ'', which did not exist in early press typographies. *
Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...
: In modernized orthography, ''ċ'' is used for a
voiceless palato-alveolar affricate The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (formerly ...
, ''ġ'' for a palatal approximant (probably a
voiced palatal fricative The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\. It is t ...
in the earliest texts), and (more rarely) ''sċ'' for a
voiceless palato-alveolar fricative A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term ''voiceless postalveolar fricative'' only for the sound , but it also describes the voiceless ...
and ''cġ'' for a
voiced palato-alveolar affricate The voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic ...
. * pl, ż is used for a
voiced retroflex sibilant The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retro ...
. * The Sioux languages such as
Lakota Lakota may refer to: * Lakota people, a confederation of seven related Native American tribes *Lakota language, the language of the Lakota peoples Place names In the United States: * Lakota, Iowa * Lakota, North Dakota, seat of Nelson County * La ...
, Osage, and
Crow A crow is a bird of the genus '' Corvus'', or more broadly a synonym for all of ''Corvus''. Crows are generally black in colour. The word "crow" is used as part of the common name of many species. The related term "raven" is not pinned scientifica ...
sometimes use the dot above to indicate ejective stops. * In the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics orthography for the Cree,
Ojibwe The Ojibwe, Ojibwa, Chippewa, or Saulteaux are an Anishinaabe people in what is currently southern Canada, the northern Midwestern United States, and Northern Plains. According to the U.S. census, in the United States Ojibwe people are one of ...
, and Inuktitut languages, a dot above a symbol signifies that the symbol's vowel should be a long vowel—the equivalent effect using the Roman orthography is achieved by doubling the vowel (ᒥ = mi, ᒦ = mii ), placing a macron over the vowel (ᑲ = ka, ᑳ = kā), or placing a circumflex over the vowel (ᓄ = no, ᓅ = nô). * In Turkish, the dot above lowercase '' i'' and '' j'' (and uppercase '' İ'') is not regarded as an independent diacritic but as an integral part of the letter. It is called a
tittle A tittle or superscript dot is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic in the form of a dot on a letter (for example, lowercase ''i'' or ''j''). The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of ''i'' and ''j'', but dot (diacritic), diacri ...
. I without an overdot is a separate letter. * In the
Rheinische Dokumenta The Rheinische Dokumenta () is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the L ...
phonetic writing system overdots denote a special pronunciation of ''r''. * The
Ulithian Ulithian is the language spoken on Ulithi Atoll and neighboring islands. Ulithian is one of the six official languages of the Federated States of Micronesia. There are some 3,000 speakers, although only 700 of these live on Ulithi Atoll. In 2010 ...
alphabet includes ȧ, ė, and ȯ. * The
ISO 9 ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages. Published on February 23, 1995 by the Internatio ...
(1968)
Romanization of Cyrillic The romanization of Cyrillic is the process of converting text written in the Cyrillic script into the Latin (or Roman) alphabetic script, or a system for such conversion. Conversion of scripts can be classified as either the letter-by-letter t ...
uses ''ė'', ''ḟ'', and ''ẏ''. * In the ISO 259
Romanization of Hebrew The Hebrew language uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel diacritics. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words. For example, the Hebrew name spelled ("Israel") in the Hebrew alphabet ca ...
, the overdot is used to transcribe the
dagesh The dagesh () is a diacritic used in the Hebrew alphabet. It was added to the Hebrew orthography at the same time as the Masoretic system of niqqud (vowel points). It takes the form of a dot placed inside a Hebrew letter and has the effect of modi ...
: ; transcribes the shuruk. * In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization transcribing
languages of India Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-European languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians, both families together are sometimes known ...
, ''ṅ'' is used to represent . *
UNGEGN The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) is one of the nine expert groups of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and deals with the national and international standardization of geographical names. ...
romanization of
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
'' * In the
Venda language Venda or Tshivenda is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa. It is mainly spoken by the Venda people in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo province, as well as by some Lemba people in South Africa. The Venda l ...
, ''ṅ'' is used to represent . * Some countries use the overdot as a
decimal mark A decimal separator is a symbol used to separate the integer part from the fractional part of a number written in decimal form (e.g., "." in 12.45). Different countries officially designate different symbols for use as the separator. The choi ...
. The overdot is also used in the
Devanagari script Devanagari ( ; , , Sanskrit pronunciation: ), also called Nagari (),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, , page 83 is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental Writing systems#Segmental syste ...
, where it is called anusvara. In mathematics and physics, when using Notation for differentiation#Newton's notation, Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in v=\dot. In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an repeating decimal, infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in 0.\dot, which is equal to the fraction , and 0.\dot\dot\dot\dot\dot\dot or 0.\dot4285\dot, which is equal to 142857 (number), .


Underdot

* In a number of languages, an underdot indicates a Raising (sound change), raised or Vowel#Height, relatively high vowel, often the counterpart of a lower vowel marked with an ogonek or left unmarked. ** In Rotuman language, Rotuman, "ạ" represents /ɔ/. ** In Romagnol dialect, Romagnol, ''ẹ ọ'' are used to represent [e, o], e.g. part of Riminese dialect ''fradẹll, ọcc'' "brothers, eyes". ** In academic notation of Old Latin, ''ẹ̄'' (''e'' with underdot and macron) represents the long vowel, probably , that developed from the early Old Latin diphthong ''ei''. This vowel usually became ''ī'' in Classical Latin. ** In academic transcription of Vulgar Latin, used in describing the development of the Romance languages, ẹ and ọ represent the close-mid vowels and , in contrast with the open-mid vowels and , which are represented as ''e'' and ''o'' with ogonek (ę ǫ). ** Academic transcription of
Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...
uses the same conventions as Vulgar Latin above. ** In academic transcription of Serbo-Croatian dialects, ''ẹ ọ ạ'' (typically ) represent higher vowels than standard ''e o a'', and the first two often contrast with lower vowels marked with a comma below, ''e̦ o̦'' (typically ). * In Inari Sami language, Inari Sami, an underdot denotes a half-long voiced consonant: ''đ̣, j̣, ḷ, ṃ, ṇ, ṇj, ŋ̣, ṛ'', and ''ṿ''. The underdot is used in dictionaries, textbooks, and linguistic publications only. * In IAST and National Library at Calcutta romanization, transcribing
languages of India Languages spoken in India belong to several language families, the major ones being the Indo-European languages spoken by 78.05% of Indians and the Dravidian languages spoken by 19.64% of Indians, both families together are sometimes known ...
, a dot below a letter distinguishes the retroflex consonants ''ṭ, ḍ, ṛ, ḷ, ṇ, ṣ'', while ''m'' with underdot (''ṃ'') signifies an ''anusvara'' and ''h'' with underdot (''ḥ'') signifies a ''visarga''. Very frequently (in modern transliterations of Sanskrit) an underdot is used instead of the ring (diacritic) below the vocalic ''r'' and ''l''. * In romanizations of some Afroasiatic languages, particularly Semitic Languages and Berber Languages, an underdot indicates an emphatic consonant. The romanization of Arabic uses . * In the DIN 31636 and ALA-LC
Romanization of Hebrew The Hebrew language uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel diacritics. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate Hebrew words. For example, the Hebrew name spelled ("Israel") in the Hebrew alphabet ca ...
, ''ṿ'' represents vav (ו), while ''v'' without the underdot represents beth (ב). ''ḳ'' represents qoph (ק) * The underdot is also used in the PDA orthography for Domari to show pharyngealization—the underdotted consonants represent the emphaticized sounds . *In Asturian language, Asturian, ''ḷḷ'' (underdotted double ''ll'') represents the voiced retroflex plosive or the voiceless retroflex affricate, depending on dialect, and ''ḥ'' (underdotted ''h'') the voiceless glottal fricative. *In O'odham language, ''Ḍ'' (''d'' with underdot) represents a voiced retroflex stop. *
Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia ** A citizen of Vietnam. See Demographics of Vietnam. * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overse ...
: The ''nặng'' tone (linguistics), tone (low, glottal) is represented with a dot below the base vowel: ''ạ ặ ậ ẹ ệ ị ọ ộ ợ ụ ự ỵ''. * In Igbo language, Igbo, an underdot can be used on ''i'', ''o'', and ''u'' to make ''ị'', ''ọ'', and ''ụ''. The underdot symbolizes a reduction in the vowel height. * In Yoruba language, Yoruba, an underdot can be used on ''e'' and ''o'' to make ''ẹ'' and ''ọ'', symbolizing a reduction in the vowel height, as well as on ''s'' to make ''ṣ'', symbolizing a postalveolar articulation. * In Americanist phonetic notation, ''x'' with underdot ''x̣'' represents a voiceless uvular fricative. * Underdots are used in the
Rheinische Dokumenta The Rheinische Dokumenta () is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the L ...
phonetic writing system to denote a voiced ''s'' and special pronunciations of ''r'' and ''a''. * In the Fiero-Rhodes orthography for Eastern Ojibwe language, Eastern Ojibwe and Ottawa dialect, Odaawaa, in ''g̣'', ''ḥ'', and ''ḳ'', underdot is used to indicate labialization when either or following them was lost in Syncope (phonology), syncope. * The Sicilian language, Sicilian nexus ''ḍḍ'' is used to represent . * In Kalabari language, Kalabari, ''ḅ'' and ''ḍ'' are used. * In Marshallese language, Marshallese, underdots on consonants represent velarization, such as the velarized bilabial nasal ''ṃ''. * In Old Irish typography the letters ḃ, ḋ and ṫ are some times written as ḅ, ḍ and ṭ. * UNGEGN romanization of
Urdu Urdu (;"Urdu"
'' * In Mizo language, Mizo, ''ṭ'' represents . * The underdot is also used in the Devanagari script, where it is called nukta.


Raised dot

* Number digits in Enclosed Alphanumerics: ' * In
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, in addition to the middle dot as a letter, centred dot diacritic, and dot above diacritic, there also is a two-dot diacritic in the Naskapi language representing /_w_V/ which depending on the placement on the specific Syllabic letter may resemble a colon when placed vertically, Diaeresis (diacritic), diaeresis when placed horizontally, or a combination of middle dot and dot above diacritic when placed either at an angle or enveloping a small raised letter . Additionally, in Northwestern Ojibwe language, Northwestern Ojibwe, a small raised /wi/ as /w/, the middle dot is raised farther up as either or ; there also is a raised dot Final , which represents /w/ in some Swampy Cree language, Swampy Cree and /y/ in some Northwestern Ojibwe.


Letters with dot


Encoding

In Unicode, the dot is encoded at: * and at: * * * There is also: * * Pre-composed characters: *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *   *                     *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *                   *           *           *             *       *       *       *       *             *       *         *     *   *   *   *     *  


See also

*Anunaasika *Chandrabindu *Diaeresis (diacritic) *Tittle *Arabic alphabet *Hebrew diacritics *Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode ** Therefore sign (∴ and "because sign" ∵) ** Ratio () ** Proportionality (mathematics) (∷)


References


External links


Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
{{Latin script, , dot Latin-script diacritics Polish letters with diacritics, Diakrytyka Vietnamese alphabets