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Łukasz Ogończyk Górnicki (1527 in
Oświęcim Oświęcim (; german: Auschwitz ; yi, אָשפּיצין, Oshpitzin) is a city in the Lesser Poland ( pl, Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated southeast of Katowice, near the confluence of the Vistula (''Wisła'') and Soła rive ...
– 22 July 1603 in Lipniki by
Tykocin Tykocin is a small town in north-eastern Poland, with 2,010 inhabitants (2012), located on the Narew river, in Białystok County in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is one of the oldest towns in the region, with its historic center designated a His ...
), was a Polish Renaissance, poet, humanist, political commentator as well as secretary and chancellor of king Sigismund Augustus of Poland. He wrote a number of works both poetic and political. Górnicki is most famous from his ''Dworzanin polski'', an adaptation of
Baldassare Castiglione Baldassare Castiglione, Count of Casatico (; 6 December 1478 – 2 February 1529),Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, fro, ''Italica'', Rai International online. was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissanc ...
's Book of the Courtier (''Il cortegiano'').


Life


Youth and education

Łukasz Górnicki was born in
Oświęcim Oświęcim (; german: Auschwitz ; yi, אָשפּיצין, Oshpitzin) is a city in the Lesser Poland ( pl, Małopolska) province of southern Poland, situated southeast of Katowice, near the confluence of the Vistula (''Wisła'') and Soła rive ...
. He was the son of Marcin Góra and Anna Gąsiorkówna, poor townspeople from
Bochnia Bochnia (german: Salzberg) is a town on the river Raba in southern Poland. The town lies approximately halfway between Tarnów (east) and the regional capital Kraków (west). Bochnia is most noted for its salt mine, the oldest functioning i ...
. Górnicki began his education there. His early life was heavily influenced by his uncle Stanisław Gąsiorek, called Anserinu, a cleric at and director of the royal chapel on
Wawel The Wawel Royal Castle (; ''Zamek Królewski na Wawelu'') and the Wawel Hill on which it sits constitute the most historically and culturally significant site in Poland. A fortified residency on the Vistula River in Kraków, it was established o ...
, as well as author of Polish patriotic verses and composer. Stanisław took an interest in his nephew and brought him to
Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
in 1538, seeing to the young man's studies and court carrier, and eventually declaring Górnicki his heir. The exact contours of Górnicki's education are uncertain, though it can be said that he never entered the Kraków Academy.


At the court of Sigismund August

Górnicki worked at court from his youth until his death. In this time he had ample opportunity to encounter the courtly life surrounding the king. In 1548 he went on bishop Filip Padniewski's diplomatic mission to
Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...
. From 1552 he worked in the royal chancery under the direction of the chancellor Jan Przerembski. In 1552 Górnicki travelled with Przerembski in the king's service Gdańsk,
Kaliningrad Kaliningrad ( ; rus, Калининград, p=kəlʲɪnʲɪnˈɡrat, links=y), until 1946 known as Königsberg (; rus, Кёнигсберг, Kyonigsberg, ˈkʲɵnʲɪɡzbɛrk; rus, Короле́вец, Korolevets), is the largest city and ...
, and Lithuania. In this period he took low orders, and received a few
benefices A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...
as a result. Having gained some financial stability from these benefices and from his uncle's will, Górnicki set off for Italy for two years in 1557. Resident in
Padua Padua ( ; it, Padova ; vec, Pàdova) is a city and ''comune'' in Veneto, northern Italy. Padua is on the river Bacchiglione, west of Venice. It is the capital of the province of Padua. It is also the economic and communications hub of the ...
, he studied law at the university there. He returned to Poland in February 1559.


''Dworzanin Polski''

From 1559 to mid-1565, Górnicki worked on a translation and adaptation of
Baldassare Castiglione Baldassare Castiglione, Count of Casatico (; 6 December 1478 – 2 February 1529),Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, fro, ''Italica'', Rai International online. was an Italian courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissanc ...
's Book of the Courtier (''Il cortegiano''). This was published in Kraków as ''Dworzanin polski'' in 1566 and was dedicated to King
Sigismund August Sigismund II Augustus ( pl, Zygmunt II August, lt, Žygimantas Augustas; 1 August 1520 – 7 July 1572) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, the son of Sigismund I the Old, whom Sigismund II succeeded in 1548. He was the first ruler ...
. Górnicki followed Castiglione's model, but changed it to match the Polish situation. He moved the discussion at the base of the text from the court of
Guidobaldo da Montefeltro Guidobaldo (Guido Ubaldo) da Montefeltro (25 January 1472 – 10 April 1508), also known as Guidobaldo I, was an Italian condottiero and the Duke of Urbino from 1482 to 1508. Biography Born in Gubbio, he succeeded his father Federico da Montefel ...
in
Urbino Urbino ( ; ; Romagnol: ''Urbìn'') is a walled city in the Marche region of Italy, south-west of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site notable for a remarkable historical legacy of independent Renaissance culture, especially under the patronage of F ...
in 1507 to the residence of Bishop
Samuel Maciejowski Samuel Maciejowski (15 January 1499 – 26 October 1550) was a 16th-century Roman Catholic Bishop of Chełm, Płock and Kraków, in Poland. Early life He was born 15 January 1499 and ordained a priest in 1530. He began his career in 1518 as a no ...
in Prądnik Biały near
Kraków Kraków (), or Cracow, is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city dates back to the seventh century. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596 ...
in 1549. In that conversation the participants discuss the ideal courtier, a nonchalant man of good family, who brings together good manners and breeding with honor and education. The discussants in Górnicki's version were: Wojciech Kryski, Stanisław Maciejowski, Andrzej Kostka, Aleksander Myszkowski, Jan Dreśniak, Stanisław Wapowski, Stanisław Bojanowski and Stanisław Lupa Podlodowski (father-in-law of
Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language. He is commonly regarded as the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz. ...
). For this work Górnicki received a noble title from King Sigismund, as well as the Ogończyk coat of arms in 1561.


Later life

Between 1574 and 1579 Górnicki married Barbara Broniewska, his junior by almost 30 years, daughter of Stanisław Broniowski,
Master of the Horse Master of the Horse is an official position in several European nations. It was more common when most countries in Europe were monarchies, and is of varying prominence today. (Ancient Rome) The original Master of the Horse ( la, Magister Equitu ...
in Przemyśl. Łukasz Górnicki died in Lipniki pod
Tykocin Tykocin is a small town in north-eastern Poland, with 2,010 inhabitants (2012), located on the Narew river, in Białystok County in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is one of the oldest towns in the region, with its historic center designated a His ...
em on 22 July 1603. He was buried in Tykocin in the Bernardine church on the island of Narew.


Works


''Rozmowa_O_Elekcyey,_o_Wolności,_o_Prawie_y_obyczaiach_Polskich_Podczas_Electiey_Krola_Iego_Mci_Zygmunta_III_czyniona_[...
/nowiki>''.html" ;"title="..">''Rozmowa O Elekcyey, o Wolności, o Prawie y obyczaiach Polskich Podczas Electiey Krola Iego Mci Zygmunta III czyniona [...
/nowiki>''">..">''Rozmowa O Elekcyey, o Wolności, o Prawie y obyczaiach Polskich Podczas Electiey Krola Iego Mci Zygmunta III czyniona [...
/nowiki>'' Kraków, 1616.
''Unterredung von der Wahl, Freyheit, Gesetzen und Sitten der Pohlen [...
/nowiki>'']. Wrocław; Leipzig, 1753.
''Lucas Gornicki, Starosten von Tykocin und Wasilkow, Unterredung von der Wahl, Freyheit, Gesetzen und Sitten der Pohlen, zur Zeit der Wahl Sigismund des Dritten verfertiget und ohnlängst nach verbesserter alten pohlnischen Schreibart aufs neue herausgegeben durch J.Z.R.K. Nunmehro [...
/nowiki> ins Deutsche übersetzet und mit [...] dem Leben des Auctoris versehen von Christian Gottlieb Friesen'']. Wrocław, 1762.
''Clarissimi_Viri_Lucae_Gornickij_[…
/nowiki>_Actio_Adversus_Demetrium_Et_Pro_Demetrio,_Latine_Versa_[….html" ;"title="��">''Clarissimi Viri Lucae Gornickij […
/nowiki> Actio Adversus Demetrium Et Pro Demetrio, Latine Versa […">��">''Clarissimi Viri Lucae Gornickij […
/nowiki> Actio Adversus Demetrium Et Pro Demetrio, Latine Versa […/nowiki> = Sławnego Męża Łukasza Gornickiego […] Sprawa Przeciw Dymitrowi Y Za Dymitrem'']. Wilno, 1788.
''Rozmowa o Elekcyi, o Wolności, o Prawie, y obyczaiach Polskich. Podczas Elekcyi Króla Jego Mći Zygmunta III czyniona. Pisana przez Łukasza Gornickiego [...
/nowiki>. Teraz nowo wydana y w stylu Staro-Polskim nieco poprawiona przez J. Z. R. K.'']. Warsaw, 1750-1795.
''Nowy_Karakter_Polski_Z_Drukarnie_Lazarzowey:_Y_Orthographia_Polska:_Iana_Kochanowskiego,_[...
/nowiki>_Lukasza_Gornickie[go.html" ;"title="..">''Nowy Karakter Polski Z Drukarnie Lazarzowey: Y Orthographia Polska: Iana Kochanowskiego, [...
/nowiki> Lukasza Gornickie[go">..">''Nowy Karakter Polski Z Drukarnie Lazarzowey: Y Orthographia Polska: Iana Kochanowskiego, [...
/nowiki> Lukasza Gornickie[go/nowiki>, [...] Iana Ianuszowskiego''], Kraków 1594. (Co-authored with
Jan Kochanowski Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language. He is commonly regarded as the greatest Polish poet before Adam Mickiewicz. ...
and Jan Januszowski.)


Bibliography

* Bodniak, Stanisław. ''Karta z bibljotekarskich i starościńskich zajęć Górnickiego.'' Kraków, 1928. * Czarnik, Bronisław. ''Żywot Łukasza Górnickiego.'' Lwów, 1883. * Kozielewski, Ignacy. ''Łukasz Górnicki: studium historyczno-literackie.'' Lwów, 1929. * Lichański, Jakub Zdzisław. ''Łukasz Górnicki.'' Wrocław, 1982. * Lichański, Jakub Zdzisław. ''Łukasz Górnicki: sarmacki Castiglione.'' Warsaw, 1998. * Lowenfeld, Rafał. ''Łukasz Górnicki, jego życie i dzieła: przyczynek do dziejów humanizmu w Polsce.'' Warsaw, 1884. * Noworolskiej, B., and W. Steca. ''Łukasz Górnicki i jego czasy.'' Białystok, 1993. * Salwa, P., ed. ''Łukasz Górnicki i jego włoskie inspiracje.'' Warsaw, 2005. * Pollak, Roman. "Górnicki Łukasz (1527-1603)." In ''
Polski Słownik Biograficzny ''Polski Słownik Biograficzny'' (''PSB''; Polish Biographical Dictionary) is a Polish-language biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically arranged compilation of authoritative biographies of some 25,000 notable Poles and of foreigner ...
'', vol. 8, part. 3. Wrocław, 1960.


References

1527 births 1603 deaths People from Oświęcim Polish nobility Polish political writers Polish poets Polish translators Polish male poets {{Poland-writer-stub