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The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots: ;
Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...
: ) was used in
Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...
and
Older Scots Older Scots refers to the following periods in the history of the Scots languageSuch chronological terminology is widely used, for example, bScottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.(formally SNDA), Dr of th and by th. It is also used in the ''Oxford Comp ...
, representing ''y'' () and various
velar Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum). Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...
phonemes. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter ''g''. In Middle English writing,
tailed z Z (or z) is the 26th and last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual names in English are ''zed'' () and ''zee'' (), with an occas ...
came to be indistinguishable from yogh. In
Middle Scots Middle Scots was the Anglic language of Lowland Scotland in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax and vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots, which was virtually ...
, the character yogh became confused with a cursive z and the early Scots printers often used z when yogh was not available in their fonts.. Consequently, some
Modern Scots Modern Scots comprises the varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster, from 1700. Throughout its history, Modern Scots has been undergoing a process of language attrition, whereby successive generations ...
words have a ''z'' in place of a yogh—the common surname
MacKenzie Mackenzie, Mckenzie, MacKenzie, or McKenzie may refer to: People * Mackenzie (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) * Mackenzie (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * Clan Mackenzie, a S ...
was originally written MacKenȝie (pronounced ''makenyie''). Yogh is shaped similarly to the Arabic numeral 3, which is sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. Capital is represented in
Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, wh ...
by code point , and lower case by code point .


Pronunciation

In Modern English ''yogh'' is pronounced , , using short o or , , , using long o. It stood for and its various allophones—including and the voiced velar fricative —as well as the phoneme ( in modern
English orthography English orthography is the writing system used to represent spoken English, allowing readers to connect the graphemes to sound and to meaning. It includes English's norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalisation, word breaks, emphasis, and ...
). In
Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...
, it also stood for the phoneme and its allophone as in ("night", in an early Middle English way still often pronounced as spelled so: ). Sometimes, yogh stood for or , as in the word , "yowling". In
Middle Scots Middle Scots was the Anglic language of Lowland Scotland in the period from 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 15th century, its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax and vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots, which was virtually ...
, it represented the sound in the clusters , and written ''l'' and ''n''.. Yogh was generally used for rather than ''y''. In medieval Cornish manuscripts, yogh was used to represent the
voiced dental fricative The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old Engl ...
, as in its , now written , pronounced .


History


Old English

The original Germanic ''g'' sound was expressed by the gyfu rune in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc (which is itself sometimes rendered as in modern
transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus ''trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → or L ...
). Following palatalization, both ''gyfu'' and Latin ''g'' in Old English expressed the sound before front vowels. For example, "year" was written as ''gear'', even though the word had never had a ''g'' sound (deriving from
Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic bran ...
''*jērą''). With the re-introduced possibility of a sound before front vowels, notably in the form of loanwords from the
Old Norse Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian, is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages. Old Norse was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and their overseas settlemen ...
(such as ''gere'' from Norse ''gervi'', Modern English ''gear''), this orthographical state of affairs became a source for confusion, and a distinction of "real ''g''" () from "palatalized ''g''" () became desirable. In the Old English period, was simply the way Latin '' g'' was written in the
Insular script Insular script was a medieval script system originating from Ireland that spread to Anglo-Saxon England and continental Europe under the influence of Irish Christianity. Irish missionaries took the script to continental Europe, where they found ...
introduced at the Christianisation of England by the
Hiberno-Scottish mission The Hiberno-Scottish mission was a series of expeditions in the 6th and 7th centuries by Gaelic missionaries originating from Ireland that spread Celtic Christianity in Scotland, Wales, England and Merovingian France. Celtic Christianity spr ...
. It only came to be used as a letter ''distinct'' from ''g'' in the Middle English period, where it evolved in appearance into ȝ, now considered a separate character.


Middle English

In the 14th century, the digraph ''gh'' arose as an alternative to yogh for /x/, and eventually overtook yogh in popularity; still, the variety of pronunciations persisted, as evidenced by ''cough'', ''taught'', and ''though''. The process of replacing the yogh with ''gh'' was slow, and was not completed until the arrival of printing presses (which lacked yogh) in England around the end of the fifteenth century. Not every English word that contains a ''gh'' was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, ''spaghetti'' is
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
, where the ''h'' makes the ''g'' hard (i.e., instead of ); ''ghoul'' is
Arabic Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter ...
, in which the ''gh'' was . The medieval author
Orm Orm (in Old Norse and in modern Danish, Swedish, Norwegian (bokmål and nynorsk) the word for "snake", "worm" or "dragon") became an Anglo-Saxon personal name during period of the Danelaw. Orm may also refer to: * Orm or Ormin, the author of ...
used this letter in three ways when writing Early Middle English. By itself, it represented , so he used this letter for the ''y'' in "yet". Doubled, it represented , so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. Finally, the digraph of yogh followed by an ''h'' represented . In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used: came to be spelled ''night''. Middle English re-imported G in its French form for (As a further side note, French also used to represent in words like ''voyage'' and ''yeux'').


Scots

In words of French and Gaelic origin, the Early Scots
palatal consonant Palatals are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth). Consonants with the tip of the tongue curled back against the palate are called retroflex. Characteris ...
had become or in some cases , and the palatal consonant had become by the Middle Scots period. Those were variously written , , or , and , or (cf. ''gn'' and ''gli'' in
Italian Italian(s) may refer to: * Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries ** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom ** Italian language, a Romance language *** Regional Ita ...
). By the
Modern Scots Modern Scots comprises the varieties of Scots traditionally spoken in Lowland Scotland and parts of Ulster, from 1700. Throughout its history, Modern Scots has been undergoing a process of language attrition, whereby successive generations ...
period the yogh had been replaced by the character ''z'', in particular for , (''n'') and (''l''), written ''nz'' and ''lz''. The original and developed into in some words such as or ''Zetland'' for ''Shetland''. Yogh was also used to represent in words such as , '' (yesterday) and '' but by the Modern Scots period ''y'' had replaced yogh. The pronunciation of
MacKenzie Mackenzie, Mckenzie, MacKenzie, or McKenzie may refer to: People * Mackenzie (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) * Mackenzie (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * Clan Mackenzie, a S ...
(and its variant spellings) (from Scottish Gaelic ), originally pronounced in Scots, shows where yogh became z. Menzies Campbell is another example.


After the development of printing

In Middle Scots orthography, the use of yogh became confused with a cursive ''z'' and the early Scots printers often used ''z'' when yogh was not available in their fonts. The yogh glyph can be found in surnames that start with a ''Y'' in Scotland and Ireland; for example the surname Yeoman, which would have been spelled . Sometimes, the yogh would be replaced by the letter ''z'', because the shape of the yogh was identical to some forms of handwritten ''z''. In
Unicode Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard,The formal version reference is is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, wh ...
1.0, the character yogh was mistakenly unified with the quite different character ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and yogh itself was not added to Unicode until version 3.0.


Examples of Middle English words containing a yogh

These are examples of Middle English words that contain the letter yogh in their spellings. * ("night") * (" eye") * (" yea") * (" hallowed") * (" gate") * (past tense of "go", which in ME is often "yede") * , (
past participle In linguistics, a participle () (from Latin ' a "sharing, partaking") is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, ''participle'' has been defined as "a word derived from ...
s of "yield" and "yean") * (" harboured") * ("
ear An ear is the organ that enables hearing and, in mammals, body balance using the vestibular system. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear. The outer ear consists of ...
") * (" hied, hastened") * (" gift") * ("if") * ("yes") * ("yesterday") * ("yester-") * ("yet") * ("give" or "if") * ("wrought")


Scots words with for


Placenames

* Barncailzie Wood – a Wood in
Galloway Galloway ( ; sco, Gallowa; la, Gallovidia) is a region in southwestern Scotland comprising the historic counties of Wigtownshire and Kirkcudbrightshire. It is administered as part of the council area of Dumfries and Galloway. A native or ...
that lends its name to a former hunting lodge; * Ben Chonzie – a mountain in Perthshire; * Branziert – a suburb of
Killearn Killearn (Scottish Gaelic: ''Cill Fhearann'', from orig. ''Ceann Fhearann'', "Head/End of (the) Land/Territory" – until the 15th century when ''Ceann'' was replaced by ''Cill''; denoting the presence of a house of worship) – is a smal ...
in
Stirlingshire Stirlingshire or the County of Stirling, gd, Siorrachd Sruighlea) is a historic county and registration countyRegisters of Scotland. Publications, leaflets, Land Register Counties. of Scotland. Its county town is Stirling. It borders Perth ...
; * The Branziet – pronounced ''bringit'' (IPA ), a farm and settlement near Bardowie, East Dunbartonshire that lends its name to the Branziet Burn and Branziet Bridge; * Bunzion – pronounced ''bunion'' (IPA ), Lower and Upper Bunzion are farms in the Parish of Cults, Fife; * Cadzow – the former name of the town of
Hamilton, South Lanarkshire Hamilton ( sco, Hamiltoun; gd, Baile Hamaltan ) is a large town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It serves as the main administrative centre of the South Lanarkshire council area. It sits south-east of Glasgow, south-west of Edinburgh and no ...
; the word Cadzow continues in modern use in many street names and other names, e.g. Cadzow Castle, Kilncadzow; * Calzeat – an obsolete place name from the Parish of Broughton, Glenholm and Kilbucho in
Peebleshire Peeblesshire ( gd, Siorrachd nam Pùballan), the County of Peebles or Tweeddale is a historic county of Scotland. Its county town is Peebles, and it borders Midlothian to the north, Selkirkshire to the east, Dumfriesshire to the south, and Lana ...
which, since 1971, has leant its name to textile manufacturer Calzeat and Company Limited; * Calziebohalzie – a former farmstead in Stirlingshire with a rare instance of a word containing two yoghs, from Gaelic ''Coille Buachaille'' (); *
Cockenzie Cockenzie and Port Seton ( sco, Cockennie ; gd, Cùil Choinnich, meaning "cove of Kenneth") is a unified town in East Lothian, Scotland. It is on the coast of the Firth of Forth, four miles east of Musselburgh. The burgh of Cockenzie was created ...
– pronounced ''cockennie'' (IPA ), from the gd, Cùil Choinnich meaning "cove of Kenneth", a town in East Lothian; * Colzium Estate – now pronounced as written, a historic estate and mansion house built on the banks of the Colzium Burn near Kilsyth; * Corriemulzie – a river in Sutherland that lends its name to the Corriemulzie Estate; * Crailzie Hill – a hill in the Scottish Borders; * Culzean – pronounced ''culain'' (IPA ), a historic castle in Ayrshire run by the
National trust for Scotland The National Trust for Scotland for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, commonly known as the National Trust for Scotland ( gd, Urras Nàiseanta na h-Alba), is a Scottish conservation organisation. It is the largest membership organi ...
; * Dalmunzie – now pronounced as written, a historic castle in Perthshire now repurposed as a hotel; * Dalzellowlie or Dallzellowlie – a colliery located between
Maybole Maybole is a town and former burgh of barony and police burgh in South Ayrshire, Scotland. It had an estimated population of in . It is situated south of Ayr and southwest of Glasgow by the Glasgow and South Western Railway. The town is bypass ...
and
Girvan Girvan ( gd, Inbhir Gharbhain, "mouth of the River Girvan") is a burgh and harbour town in Carrick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Girvan is situated on the east coast of the Firth of Clyde, with a population of about 6,450. It lies south of Ay ...
in South Ayrshire; *
Drumelzier Drumelzier (), is a village and civil parish on the B712 in the Tweed Valley in the Scottish Borders. The area of the village is extensive and includes the settlements of Wrae, Stanhope, Mossfennan and Kingledoors. To the north is Broughton an ...
– pronounced ''drumellier'' (IPA ), a village in the Tweed Valley that shares its name with Drumelzier Castle, Drumelzier Kirk, the Drumelzier Burn and Drumelzier Law; * Drunzie and Drunzie Feus - two adjacent settlements near Glenfarg in Perth and Kinross; * Easter Dalziel – pronounced ''deeyel'' (IPA ) from Gaelic ''Dail Gheal'' () meaning "white field"; *
Edzell Edzell (; sco, Aigle; gd, Eigill) is a village in Angus, Scotland. It is 5 miles (8 km) north of Brechin, by the River North Esk. Edzell is a Georgian era, Georgian-era planned town, with a broad main street and a grid system of side stre ...
– now pronounced as written, a village in Angus and the nearby settlement Edzell Woods; *
Finzean Finzean (; gd, Fìnnean) is a rural community, electoral polling district, community council area and former ecclesiastical parish, which forms the southern part of the Parish of Birse, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Finzean was the subject of many ...
– pronounced ''fingen'' (IPA ), an area in rural Aberdeenshire; * Funzie Girt – pronounced ''funyie girt'' (IPA ), a historic dividing wall on
Fetlar Fetlar ( sco, Fetlar) is one of the North Isles of Shetland, Scotland, with a usually resident population of 61 at the time of the 2011 census. Its main settlement is Houbie on the south coast, home to the Fetlar Interpretive Centre. Fetlar i ...
; * Gartwhinzean – a historic settlement near Crook of Devon in Perth and Kinross; * Glazert Water – a tributary of the
River Kelvin The River Kelvin (Scottish Gaelic: ''Abhainn Cheilbhinn'') is a tributary of the River Clyde in northern and northeastern Glasgow, Scotland. It rises on the moor south east of the village of Banton, east of Kilsyth. At almost long, it init ...
which lends its name to a Country House Hotel and two streets in
Lennoxtown Lennoxtown ( gd, Baile na Leamhnachd, ) is a town in East Dunbartonshire council area and the historic county of Stirlingshire, Scotland at the foot of the Campsie Fells, which are just to the north. The town had a population of 4,094 at the 20 ...
; * Glazert Burn – a tributary of the
River Irvine The River Irvine ( gd, Irbhinn) is a river that flows through southwest Scotland. Its watershed is on the Lanarkshire border of Ayrshire at an altitude of above sea-level, near Loudoun Hill, Drumclog, and SW by W of Strathaven. It flows west ...
in North Ayrshire; * Glenrazie – a small settlement near
Newton Stewart Newton Stewart ( Gd: ''Baile Ùr nan Stiùbhartach'') is a former burgh town in the historical county of Wigtownshire in Dumfries and Galloway, southwest Scotland. The town is on the River Cree with most of the town to the west of the river, and ...
, Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenrazie Woods to the north; * Glenzier – pronounced ''glinger'' (IPA ), a village in Dumfries & Galloway which lends its name to Glenzierfoot and the Glenzier Burn; *
Kailzie Gardens Kailzie Gardens is a walled garden near Kirkburn, Scottish Borders, Kirkburn in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, in the River Tweed, Tweed valley, four km east of Peebles, off the B7062. The garden dates from 1812. The present owners are St ...
– a historic walled garden near
Kirkburn, Scottish Borders Kirkburn is a village on the B7062, close to Peebles and the River Tweed, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, at the edge of the Cardrona Forest. Other places in the vicinity are Glen Ho, Glentress, Horsburgh Castle, Innerleithen, Kail ...
; * Kilchenzie or Kilkenzie – a small settlement on the
Kintyre Kintyre ( gd, Cinn Tìre, ) is a peninsula in western Scotland, in the southwest of Argyll and Bute. The peninsula stretches about , from the Mull of Kintyre in the south to East and West Loch Tarbert in the north. The region immediately nor ...
peninsula, from ''Choinnich'' (), the genitive of ''Coinneach'' () "Kenneth"; * Kilhenzie – a small settlement in South Ayrshire, also from ''Choinnich''; *
Kirkgunzeon Kirkgunȝeon ( gd, Cill Fhionnain) is a village and civil parish in Dumfries and Galloway, south west Scotland. The village is south west of Dumfries and north east of Dalbeattie. The civil parish is in the former county of Kirkcudbrightshire ...
– pronounced ''kirkgunion'' (IPA ), a village in Dumfries and Galloway; *
Lenzie Lenzie () is an affluent town by the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in the East Dunbartonshire council area of Scotland. It is about north-east of Glasgow city centre and south of Kirkintilloch. At the 2011 census, it had a population of 8,873. ...
– now pronounced as written (IPA ), but previously ''lenyie'' (IPA ), a village near
Glasgow Glasgow ( ; sco, Glesca or ; gd, Glaschu ) is the most populous city in Scotland and the fourth-most populous city in the United Kingdom, as well as being the 27th largest city by population in Europe. In 2020, it had an estimated popul ...
; * Lochranza – pronounced as written, but found as ''Loch Ranga'' as recently as the late 19th century, a village on the Isle of Arran; * Menzion – a village in the
Borders A border is a geographical boundary. Border, borders, The Border or The Borders may also refer to: Arts, entertainment and media Film and television * ''Border'' (1997 film), an Indian Hindi-language war film * ''Border'' (2018 Swedish film), ...
; * Menzieshill – an area of Dundee; * Monzie – pronounced ''money'' (IPA ), from the Gaelic ''Moighidh'', "a level tract", a parish in Perthshire near Crieff which lends its name to Monzie Castle and the Falls of Monzie; *
Monzievaird Monzievaird () is a place in Scotland, situated west of Crieff in Highland District of Perth and Kinross. The village of Monzie; (pronounced Mon ee) is a couple of miles to the east-northeast. Name The place was originally named Muithauard c.1 ...
– with competing etymologies but supposed to be from the Gaelic ''Maghbhard'', "plain of the bards", a place in Perthshire — the site of the Massacre of Monzievaird and which lends its name to Loch Monzievaird; *
Moonzie Moonzie is a small parish in Fife, Scotland, about 3 miles north-west of Cupar. It is bounded on the west by Creich, on the north by Kilmany, on the south-east by Cupar and on the south-west by Monimail.Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland, by Francis ...
– a parish in Fife generally supposed to be from Gaelic and meaning "hill of the deer"; * Portencalzie – a small settlement near
Kirkcolm Kirkcolm ( sco, Kirkcoam) is a village and civil parish on the northern tip of the Rhinns of Galloway peninsula, south-west Scotland. It is in Dumfries and Galloway, and is part of the former county of Wigtownshire. The parish is bounded on the ...
on the
Rhins of Galloway The Rhins of Galloway, otherwise known as the Rhins of Wigtownshire (or as The Rhins, also spelt The Rhinns; gd, Na Rannaibh), is a hammer-head peninsula in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Stretching more than from north to south, its southern ...
; * Pitcalzean – an obscure archaeological enclosure near the village of
Nigg, Highland Nigg (from the gd, An Neag meaning "the notch", referring to a feature of the hills above the parish church) is a village and parish in Easter Ross, administered by the Highland Council. It lies on the north shore of the entrance to the Cromarty ...
that lends its name to nearby Pitcalzean House; * Queenzieburn – pronounced ''queenieburn'' (IPA ), a village in
Lanarkshire Lanarkshire, also called the County of Lanark ( gd, Siorrachd Lannraig; sco, Lanrikshire), is a historic county, lieutenancy area and registration county in the central Lowlands of Scotland. Lanarkshire is the most populous county in Scotl ...
; *
Ruchazie Ruchazie ( ) is a neighbourhood in the Scottish city of Glasgow. It is situated to the north-east of the city, bordered by Craigend and Garthamlock to the east and the open ground of Hogganfield Park and Lethamhill Golf Course to the north. R ...
– now pronounced as written (IPA ), a district of Glasgow; * Terringzean Castle – pronounced ''tringan'' (IPA ) but with a variety of recorded spellings, a castle in
East Ayrshire East Ayrshire ( sco, Aest Ayrshire; gd, Siorrachd Àir an Ear) is one of thirty-two council areas of Scotland. It shares borders with Dumfries and Galloway, East Renfrewshire, North Ayrshire, South Ayrshire and South Lanarkshire. The headquar ...
; * Ulzieside – an estate and farm near
Sanquhar Sanquhar ( sco, Sanchar, gd, Seanchair) is a village on the River Nith in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, north of Thornhill and west of Moffat. It is a former Royal Burgh. It is notable for its tiny post office, established in 1712 and con ...
in Dumfries and Galloway; * Zell – archaic spelling of the island of Yell; * Zetland – the name for Shetland until the 1970s – Shetland
postcodes A postal code (also known locally in various English-speaking countries throughout the world as a postcode, post code, PIN or ZIP Code) is a series of letters or digits or both, sometimes including spaces or punctuation, included in a postal ...
begin with the letters ZE.


Surnames

*Cadzow – see placename; *
Dalziel Dalziel, Dalzell or Dalyell ( ) is a Scottish surname. Pronunciation The unintuitive spelling of the name is due to it being an anglicisation of Scottish Gaelic ''Dail-gheal'', meaning bright dale. The sound now spelled with a or is historica ...
– pronounced ''deeyel'' (IPA ) or ''dehyell'', from Gaelic ''Dail Gheal'' (); also spelled Dalyell and Dalzell; *Gilzean – pronounced ''gilain'', a variant of Maclean, from Gaelic ''MacGilleEathain'' (). However, many now pronounce the 'z', including footballer
Alan Gilzean Alan John Gilzean (; 22 October 1938 – 8 July 2018) was a Scottish professional footballer, active from 1955 to 1975. A striker, Gilzean played most prominently for Dundee and Tottenham Hotspur, and also appeared in 22 international games for ...
; *
Layamon Layamon or Laghamon (, ; ) – spelled Laȝamon or Laȝamonn in his time, occasionally written Lawman – was an English poet of the late 12th/early 13th century and author of the ''Brut'', a notable work that was the first to present the legend ...
– now pronounced as written although frequently rendered as Laȝamon up to the early 1900s in literary referents; * McFadzean – pronounced ''macfadyen'' (IPA ), scotticised version of the Gaelic surname ''MacPhaidin'' also found, primarily in Ireland, anglicised as ''MacFadden''; *
MacKenzie Mackenzie, Mckenzie, MacKenzie, or McKenzie may refer to: People * Mackenzie (given name), a given name (including a list of people with the name) * Mackenzie (surname), a surname (including a list of people with the name) * Clan Mackenzie, a S ...
– now pronounced as written, though as late as 1946 George Black recorded the original form pronounced ''makenyie'' (IPA ), from the Gaelic ''MacCoinnich'' () as standard; *
Menzies Menzies is a Scottish surname, with Gaelic forms being Méinnearach and Méinn, and other variant forms being Menigees, Mennes, Mengzes, Menzeys, Mengies, and Minges. Derivation and history The name and its Gaelic form are probably derived f ...
– most correctly (for example, by Sir Robert Menzies) pronounced ''mingis'' (IPA ), now also pronounced with ; * Winzet – pronounced ''winyet'' (IPA ). See also: *Gilhaize – an invented surname used for the eponymous protagonist of
John Galt John Galt () is a character in Ayn Rand's novel ''Atlas Shrugged'' (1957). Although he is not identified by name until the last third of the novel, he is the object of its often-repeated question "Who is John Galt?" and of the quest to discover ...
's Ringan Gilhaize


Miscellaneous nouns

* Assoilzie – pronounced with a silent ''z'' – in Scots law: finding for (ruling in favour of) the defender in a civil matter; * Brulzie – with a variety of spellings including bruilzie and broolzie – a commotion or noisy quarrel – possibly related to ''Brulyie'' to broil; * Capercailzie – the Scots spelling of capercaillie (IPA ) from the Gaelic ''capall-coille'' () meaning "forest horse"; *
Gaberlunzie Gaberlunzie is a Middle Ages, medieval Scots language, Scots word for a licensed begging, beggar. Etymology The name may derive from the wallet that such people carried, or from a combination of the French language, French words 'gaban' (a cloa ...
– most correctly pronounced ''gaberlunyie'' (IPA ) but now often pronounced as written, a licensed
beggar Begging (also panhandling) is the practice of imploring others to grant a favor, often a gift of money, with little or no expectation of reciprocation. A person doing such is called a beggar or panhandler. Beggars may operate in public plac ...
; * Spulzie — pronounced ''spooly'' with a variety of spellings including spuilzie and spulyie, both the taking of movable goods and the term for a process of restitution for such crimes; *
Tailzie In Scots law, tailzie () is a feudal concept of the inheritance of immovable property according to an arbitrary course that has been laid out, such as in a document known as a "deed of tailzie". It was codified by the Entail Act 1685. Tailzie i ...
– pronounced in Scots law: a defunct since 2000 term for an entailed estate/interest in one; * Tuilzie – now standardised to ''Tulyie'' a struggle or fight, from the Old French 'toeillier' meaning to strive, dispute or struggle.


In Egyptology

A Unicode-based transliteration system adopted by the
Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale The Institut français d'archéologie orientale (or IFAO), also known as the French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo, is a French research institute based in Cairo, Egypt, dedicated to the study of the archaeology, history and language ...
suggested the use of the yogh ȝ character as the
transliteration Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus ''trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → or L ...
of the Ancient Egyptian " aleph" glyph: A The symbol actually used in
Egyptology Egyptology (from ''Egypt'' and Greek , ''-logia''; ar, علم المصريات) is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, architecture and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious p ...
is , two half-rings opening to the left. Since Unicode 5.1, it has been assigned its own codepoints (uppercase U+A722 Ꜣ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF, lowercase U+A723 ꜣ LATIN SMALL LETTER EGYPTOLOGICAL ALEF); a fallback is the numeral ''3''.


See also

*
Old English Latin alphabet The Old English Latin alphabet generally consisted of about 24 letters, and was used for writing Old English from the 8th to the 12th centuries. Of these letters, most were directly adopted from the Latin alphabet, two were modified Latin letters ( ...


References


External links

* * {{Citation , url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4595228.stm , publisher = The BBC , work = BBC News , title= Why is Menzies pronounced Mingis? , place = UK , date=2006-01-10 , access-date= 2018-09-12. Middle English G – Yogh
Yogh The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots Language, Scots: ; Middle English: ) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing ''y'' () and various velar consonant , velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular G, Insular form of the letter ...
Yogh The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots Language, Scots: ; Middle English: ) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing ''y'' () and various velar consonant , velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular G, Insular form of the letter ...