The Western Himalayan broadleaf forests is a
temperate broadleaf and mixed forest
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions.
These ...
ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) or ecozone (ecological zone) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of ...
which is found in the middle elevations of the western
Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The range has some of the planet's highest peaks, including the very highest, Mount Everest. Over 10 ...
, including parts of
Nepal
Nepal (; ne, नेपाल ), formerly the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal ( ne,
सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल ), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is ma ...
,
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
, and
Pakistan
Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
.
Setting
The ecoregion forms an area of temperate broadleaf forest covering in a narrow band between elevation, extending from the
Gandaki River gorge in Nepal, through
Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand ( , or ; , ), also known as Uttaranchal ( ; the official name until 2007), is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Devbhumi" (literally 'Land of the Gods') due to its religious significance and ...
,
Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh (; ; "Snow-laden Mountain Province") is a state in the northern part of India. Situated in the Western Himalayas, it is one of the thirteen mountain states and is characterized by an extreme landscape featuring several pea ...
and
Jammu and Kashmir Jammu and Kashmir may refer to:
* Kashmir, the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent
* Jammu and Kashmir (union territory), a region administered by India as a union territory
* Jammu and Kashmir (state), a region administered ...
in northern India into parts of northern Pakistan. This ecoregion is drier and the forest is more fragmented than its
Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests counterpart, which receive more moisture from the
Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, bounded on the west and northwest by India, on the north by Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Its southern limit is a line bet ...
monsoon but is still valuable habitat especially as part of the pattern of habitats found at different elevations on the Himalayan mountainsides. Many species of birds and animals migrate up and down the mountains seasonally from the grasslands of the plains below to the high peaks.
At lower elevations, this ecoregion grades into
Himalayan subtropical pine forests. At higher elevations, it grades into
Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
The Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests is a temperate coniferous forests ecoregion of the middle and upper elevations of the western Middle Himalayas of Nepal, India, and Pakistan.
Setting
The ecoregion forms a belt of coniferous forest ...
as well as
Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
The Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion of the elevations of the northwestern Himalaya of China, India, and Pakistan.
Setting
Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows cover a ...
and
Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
The Western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows is a montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregion of Nepal, India, and Tibet, which lies between the tree line and snow line in the western portion of the Himalaya Range.
Setting
The Western Himalaya ...
.
Flora
The Western Himalayan broadleaf forests may be divided into forests of two types: evergreen and deciduous broadleaved forests.
The evergreen broadleaf forest is dominated by
oaks, consisting of ''
Quercus semecarpifolia,
Quercus leucotrichophora
''Quercus leucotrichophora'' is a tree belonging to Family Fagaceae; commonly known as Banjh oak, Banj oak (Uttarakhand) and Ban oak (Himachal). In Nepal, it is known as ''Banjhi'', ''Rainj'', ''Khasarant'', ''Tikhe bhanjh'' in standard Nepali ...
,
Quercus floribunda,
Quercus lanata
''Quercus lanata'', the woolly-leaved oak, is a species of ''Quercus'' native to southern and southeastern Asia, including India (from eastern Uttarakhand to Arunachal Pradesh), Bhutan, Nepal, Indochina (Vietnam, Myanmar, northern Thailand), and ...
,
Quercus glauca and
Quercus baloot.'' This forest is typically found on moister southern slopes, which are more influenced by the
monsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscil ...
. Various
Lauraceae call this forest home, including ''
Machilus odoratissima
''Machilus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Lauraceae. It is found in temperate, subtropical, and tropical forest, occurring in China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Indochina, the Indian subcontinent, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philip ...
,
Litsea umbrosa
''Litsea'' is a genus of evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes a large number of accepted species in tropical and subtropical areas of North America and Asia.
Characteristics
They a ...
,
Litsea lanuginosa
''Litsea'' is a genus of evergreen or deciduous trees or shrubs belonging to the laurel family, Lauraceae. The genus includes a large number of accepted species in tropical and subtropical areas of North America and Asia.
Characteristics
They a ...
'', and ''
Phoebe pulcherrima''. The understory features a rich assemblage of ferns, mosses, and
epiphytes. On northern slopes, drier areas, and higher elevations, conifers like ''
Abies
Firs (''Abies'') are a genus of 48–56 species of evergreen coniferous trees in the family Pinaceae. They are found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Europe, Asia, and North Africa. The genus is most closely re ...
,
Picea,
Cedrus'', and ''
Pinus'' thrives''.'' The wild olive, ''
olea cuspidata
''Olea europaea'' subsp. ''cuspidata'' is a subspecies of the well-known olive tree (''Olea europaea''), which until recently was considered a separate species (''Olea africana'') and is still mentioned as such in many sources. Native to northeas ...
'' is found here too.
The deciduous forest is found along rivers west of the
Gandaki River. It includes ''
Aesculus indica'', ''
Juglans regia,
Carpinus viminea
Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus ''Carpinus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
Origin of names
The common English name ''hor ...
'', ''
Alnus nepalensis'', and several ''
Acer'' species like
Acer caesium,
Acer acuminatum
''Acer acuminatum'' is an Asian species of maple native to the Himalayas and neighboring mountains in Tibet, Kashmir, northern India, Nepal, and Pakistan.
''Acer acuminatum'' is a multi-stemmed tree up to 10 meters tall. It is dioecious, meanin ...
,
Acer cappadocicum,
Acer lobelia subsp. pictum,
Acer oblongum, etc are found. In drier areas such as the valley of the upper
Ghaghara River it includes ''
Populus ciliata'', ''
Ulmus wallichiana'', and ''
Corylus colurna'' as well and the riverbanks are dominated by Himalayan alder (''
Alnus nitida'').
Fauna
Although there is less wildlife here than in the wetter Eastern Himalayas, this ecoregion is home to seventy-six species of mammals. These include the
Asiatic black bear
The Asian black bear (''Ursus thibetanus''), also known as the Asiatic black bear, moon bear and white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia that is largely adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. It lives in the Himalayas, sout ...
,
leopard, the
Himalayan tahr
The Himalayan tahr (''Hemitragus jemlahicus'') is a large even-toed ungulate native to the Himalayas in southern Tibet, northern India, western Bhutan and Nepal. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, as the population is de ...
, and the threatened
Himalayan serow (Capricornis thar). There is one endemic mammal, the
Kashmir cave bat (''Myotis longipes'') while the threatened
Peter's tube-nosed bat (''Murina grisea'') is near-endemic.
About 315 species of birds have been recorded in this ecoregion from tiny warblers to large pheasants such as the
western tragopan (''Tragopan melanocephalus''),
satyr tragopan
The satyr tragopan (''Tragopan satyra'') also known as the crimson horned pheasant, is a pheasant found in the Himalayan reaches of India, Tibet, Nepal and Bhutan. They reside in moist oak and rhododendron forests with dense undergrowth and ...
(''Tragopan satyra''),
koklass pheasant (''Pucrasia macrolopha''),
Himalayan monal (''Lophophorus impejanus'') and
cheer pheasant (''Catreus wallichi''). Near-endemic birds of the forests include the
white-cheeked tit,
white-throated tit,
spectacled finch,
Kashmir flycatcher,
Tytler's leaf-warbler,
orange bullfinch, and
Kashmir nuthatch, while the
Himalayan quail
The Himalayan quail (''Ophrysia superciliosa'') or mountain quail, is a medium-sized quail belonging to the pheasant family. It was last reported in 1876 and is feared extinct. This species was known from only 2 locations (and 12 specimens) in ...
which used to be found here is now thought to be extinct.
Threats and conservation
The Himalayas receive large numbers of visitors every year including religious pilgrims and trekkers. Although there a large number of protected areas each of them are quite small and most of original forest has been cleared for
logging
Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport. It may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars.
Logging is the beginning of a supply cha ...
or for agricultural land, a process which is ongoing. Only a third remains unspoilt, with the largest patches remaining in the west of the ecoregion and any forest clearance on these steep mountainsides quickly results in soil erosion and oversilting of the rivers below. Protected areas in this ecoregion include
Askot Musk Deer Sanctuary, and parts of the
Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary,
Rupi Bhabha Sanctuary and the large
Kishtwar National Park
Kishtwar National Park is a national park located, just 40 km from Kishtwar town in the Kishtwar district of Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is bounded to the north by Rinnay river, south by Kibar Nala catchment, east by main divide of Great Him ...
.
See also
*
List of ecoregions in India
Ecoregions of the world, spanning all land area (terrestrial) of the planet, were first defined and mapped in 2001 and subsequently revised in 2017. Later, freshwater ecoregions and marine ecoregions of the world were identified. Within India, ther ...
References
External links
WWF: ''Map of ecoregions in Nepal and China'', showing the Western Himalaya Temperate Forests Ecoregion
{{Uttarakhand
Ecoregions of the Himalayas
Himalayan forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Ecoregions of India
Ecoregions of Nepal
Ecoregions of Pakistan
*
Forests of India
Forests of Pakistan
Biota of India
Biota of Nepal
Ecoregions of Asia
Indomalayan ecoregions
Forests of Nepal