Variety (linguistics)

In sociolinguistics, a variety, also called an isolect or lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, registers, styles, or other forms of language, as well as a standard variety.Meecham, Marjorie and Janie Rees-Miller. (2001) "Language in social contexts." In W. O'Grady, J. Archibald, M. Aronoff and J. Rees-Miller (eds) ''Contemporary Linguistics''. pp. 537-590. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. The use of the word "variety" to refer to the different forms avoids the use of the term ''language'', which many people associate only with the standard language, and the term ''dialect'', which is often associated with non-standard varieties thought of as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard.Schilling-Estes, Natalies. (2006) "Dialect variation." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) ''An Introduction to Language and Linguistics''. pp. 311-341. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard (vernacular) varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language.

Variation at the level of the lexicon, such as slang and argot, is often considered in relation to particular styles or levels of formality (also called registers), but such uses are sometimes discussed as varieties as well.

Dialects

O'Grady et al. define ''dialect'': "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties."O'Grady, William, John Archibald, Mark Aronoff, and Jane Rees-Miller. eds. (2001) ''Contemporary Linguistics''. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. A variety spoken in a particular region is called a regional dialect (regiolect, geolect); some regional varieties are called regionalects or topolects, especially to discuss varieties of Chinese. In addition, there are varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups.

Dialectology is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use.

In order to sidestep the vexing problem of distinguishing ''dialect'' from ''language'', some linguists have been using the term ''communalect'' – defined as “a neutral term for any speech tradition tied to a specific community”.

More recently, sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change.Lave, Jean & Etienne Wenger. (1991) ''Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet explain: "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus, it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities."Eckert, Penelope & Sally McConnell-Ginet. (2003) ''Language and Gender''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The words ''dialect'' and ''accent'' are often used synonymously in everyday speech, but linguists define the two terms differently. '' Accent'' generally refers to differences in pronunciation, especially those that are associated with geographic or social differences, whereas ''dialect'' refers to differences in grammar and vocabulary as well.

Standard varieties

Many languages have a ''standard variety'', some lect that is selected and promoted prescriptively by either quasi-legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or media. Standard varieties are accorded more sociolinguistic prestige than other, nonstandard lects and are generally thought of as "correct" by speakers of the language. Since the selection is an arbitrary standard, standard forms are the "correct" varieties only in the sense that they are tacitly valued by higher socio-economic strata and promoted by public influencers on matters of language use, such as writers, publishers, critics, language teachers, and self-appointed language guardians. As Ralph Harold Fasold puts it, "The standard language may not even be the best possible constellation of linguistic features available. It is general social acceptance that gives us a workable arbitrary standard, not any inherent superiority of the characteristics it specifies."Fasold, Ralph. (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds) ''An Introduction to Language and Linguistics''. pp. 371-400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sociolinguists generally recognize the standard variety of a language as one of the dialects of that language.

In some cases, an authoritative regulatory body, such as the Académie Française, maintains and codifies the usage norms for a standard variety. More often, though, standards are understood in an implicit, practice-based way. Writing about Standard English, John Algeo suggests that the standard variety "is simply what English speakers agree to regard as good".

Registers and styles

A ''register'' (sometimes called a ''style'') is a variety of language used in a particular social setting.Ottenheimer, Harriet Joseph. (2006) ''The Anthropology of Language''. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures to talk to small children or as a joking register used in teasing or playing The Dozens. There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers.

Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular communicative situations, purposes, or levels of formality, and can constitute divisions within a single regional lect or standardized variety. Dialect and register may thus be thought of as different dimensions of linguistic variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect that is used with the technical register of physical geography:

Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers.Saville-Troike, Muriel. (1982) ''The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction''. Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.

The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant. Speakers may shift styles, as their perception of an event in progress changes. Consider the following telephone call to the Embassy of Cuba in Washington, DC.

Caller: (''Is this the Cuban embassy?'')

Receptionist: (''Yes, may I help you?'')

Caller: (''It's Rosa.'')

Receptionist: (''Oh, Rosa! How's it going?'')

At first, the receptionist uses a relatively formal register, as befits her professional role. After the caller identifies herself, the receptionist recognizes that she is speaking to a friend, and she shifts to an informal register of colloquial Cuban Spanish. The shift is similar to metaphorical code-switching, but since it involves styles or registers, it is considered an example of style-shifting.

Idiolect

An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person". An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with various regional or social dialects, professional registers and, in the case of multilinguals, various languages.

For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect, is a way of referring to the specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, the idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual.Barber, Alex. (2004) "Idiolects."
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
'. Retrieved 07-01-2009.

See also

* Abstand and ausbau languages
* Language localization
* List of language subsystems
* Koiné language, a standard language or dialect that arises due to contact between mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language

References

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Linguistics terminology
Sociolinguistics