Filing under seal is a procedure allowing sensitive or confidential information to be filed with a court without becoming a matter of

public record Public records are documents or pieces of information that are not considered confidential and generally pertain to the conduct of government. For example, in California, when a couple fills out a marriage license application, they have the opti ...

. The court generally must give permission for the material to remain under seal. Filing confidential documents "under seal" separated from the public records allows

litigants - A lawsuit is a proceeding by a party or parties against another in the civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used in reference to a civil acti ...

to navigate the judicial system without compromising their confidentiality, at least until there is an affirmative decision by consent of the information's owner or by order of the court to publicize it. When the document is filed under seal, it should have a clear indication for the

court clerk A court clerk (British English: clerk to the court or clerk of the court ; American English: clerk of the court or clerk of court ) is an officer of the court whose responsibilities include maintaining records of a court, administer oaths to wit ...

to file it separately – most often by stamping words "Filed Under Seal" on the bottom of each page. The person making the filing should also provide instructions to the court clerk that the document needs to be filed "under seal". Courts often have specific requirements for these filings in their Local Rules. Normally records should not be filed under seal without court permission. However,

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (officially abbreviated Fed. R. Civ. P.; colloquially FRCP) govern civil procedure in United States district courts. The FRCP are promulgated by the United States Supreme Court pursuant to the Rules Enabling ...

5.2 allows a person making a redacted filing to also file an unredacted copy under seal.

References

Judicial legal terminology American legal terminology Civil procedure legal terminology United States civil procedure {{law-term-stub