TheInfoList

In
topology In mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities ...

and related areas of
mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (cal ...
, a topological property or topological invariant is a property of a
topological space In mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers ( and ), formulas and related structures (), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (), and quantities and their changes ( and ). There is no gener ...
which is invariant under
homeomorphism In the mathematical Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantiti ...
s. That is, a property of spaces is a topological property if whenever a space ''X'' possesses that property every space homeomorphic to ''X'' possesses that property. Informally, a topological property is a property of the space that can be expressed using
open set In mathematics Mathematics (from Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as numbers (arithmetic and number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and ...
s. A common problem in topology is to decide whether two topological spaces are
homeomorphic In the mathematical Mathematics (from Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece Greece ( el, Ελλάδα, , ), officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country located in Southeast Europe. Its populat ...
or not. To prove that two spaces are ''not'' homeomorphic, it is sufficient to find a topological property which is not shared by them.

# Common topological properties

## Cardinal functions

* The
cardinality In mathematics Mathematics (from Ancient Greek, Greek: ) includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory), mathematical structure, structure (algebra), space (geometry), and calculus, change (mathematical analysis, analysis). It ...
, ''X'', of the space ''X''. * The cardinality $\vert$''τ''(''X'')$\vert$ of the topology of the space ''X''. * ''Weight'' ''w''(''X''), the least cardinality of a basis (topology), basis of the topology of the space ''X''. * ''Density'' ''d''(''X''), the least cardinality of a subset of ''X'' whose closure is ''X''.

## Separation

Note that some of these terms are defined differently in older mathematical literature; see history of the separation axioms. * T0 or Kolmogorov. A space is Kolmogorov space, Kolmogorov if for every pair of distinct points ''x'' and ''y'' in the space, there is at least either an open set containing ''x'' but not ''y'', or an open set containing ''y'' but not ''x''. * T1 or Fréchet. A space is T1 space, Fréchet if for every pair of distinct points ''x'' and ''y'' in the space, there is an open set containing ''x'' but not ''y''. (Compare with T0; here, we are allowed to specify which point will be contained in the open set.) Equivalently, a space is T1 if all its singletons are closed. T1 spaces are always T0. * Sober. A space is sober space, sober if every irreducible closed set ''C'' has a unique generic point ''p''. In other words, if ''C'' is not the (possibly nondisjoint) union of two smaller closed subsets, then there is a ''p'' such that the closure of equals ''C'', and ''p'' is the only point with this property. * T2 or Hausdorff. A space is Hausdorff space, Hausdorff if every two distinct points have disjoint neighbourhoods. T2 spaces are always T1. * T or Urysohn. A space is Urysohn space, Urysohn if every two distinct points have disjoint ''closed'' neighbourhoods. T spaces are always T2. * Completely T2 or completely Hausdorff. A space is Completely Hausdorff space, completely T2 if every two distinct points are separated by a function. Every completely Hausdorff space is Urysohn. * Regular. A space is regular space, regular if whenever ''C'' is a closed set and ''p'' is a point not in ''C'', then ''C'' and ''p'' have disjoint neighbourhoods. * T3 or Regular Hausdorff. A space is regular Hausdorff space, regular Hausdorff if it is a regular T0 space. (A regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T0, so the terminology is consistent.) * Completely regular. A space is Tychonoff space, completely regular if whenever ''C'' is a closed set and ''p'' is a point not in ''C'', then ''C'' and are separated by a function. * T, Tychonoff, Completely regular Hausdorff or Completely T3. A Tychonoff space is a completely regular T0 space. (A completely regular space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T0, so the terminology is consistent.) Tychonoff spaces are always regular Hausdorff. * Normal. A space is normal space, normal if any two disjoint closed sets have disjoint neighbourhoods. Normal spaces admit partition of unity, partitions of unity. * T4 or Normal Hausdorff. A normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T1. Normal Hausdorff spaces are always Tychonoff. * Completely normal. A space is completely normal if any two separated sets have disjoint neighbourhoods. * T5 or Completely normal Hausdorff. A completely normal space is Hausdorff if and only if it is T1. Completely normal Hausdorff spaces are always normal Hausdorff. * Perfectly normal. A space is perfectly normal space, perfectly normal if any two disjoint closed sets are precisely separated by a function. A perfectly normal space must also be completely normal. * T6 or Perfectly normal Hausdorff, or perfectly T4. A space is perfectly normal Hausdorff space, perfectly normal Hausdorff, if it is both perfectly normal and T1. A perfectly normal Hausdorff space must also be completely normal Hausdorff. * Discrete space. A space is discrete space, discrete if all of its points are completely isolated, i.e. if any subset is open. * Number of isolated points. The number of isolated points of a topological space.

## Countability conditions

* Separable. A space is separable (topology), separable if it has a countable dense subset. * First-countable. A space is first-countable space, first-countable if every point has a countable local base. * Second-countable. A space is second-countable space, second-countable if it has a countable base for its topology. Second-countable spaces are always separable, first-countable and Lindelöf.

## Connectedness

* Connected. A space is Connected space, connected if it is not the union of a pair of disjoint non-empty open sets. Equivalently, a space is connected if the only clopen sets are the empty set and itself. * Locally connected. A space is locally connected if every point has a local base consisting of connected sets. * Totally disconnected. A space is totally disconnected if it has no connected subset with more than one point. * Path-connected. A space ''X'' is path-connected if for every two points ''x'', ''y'' in ''X'', there is a path ''p'' from ''x'' to ''y'', i.e., a continuous map ''p'': [0,1] → ''X'' with ''p''(0) = ''x'' and ''p''(1) = ''y''. Path-connected spaces are always connected. * Locally path-connected. A space is locally path-connected if every point has a local base consisting of path-connected sets. A locally path-connected space is connected if and only if it is path-connected. * Arc-connected. A space ''X'' is arc-connected if for every two points ''x'', ''y'' in ''X'', there is an arc ''f'' from ''x'' to ''y'', i.e., an injective continuous map ''f'': [0,1] → ''X'' with ''p''(0) = ''x'' and ''p''(1) = ''y''. Arc-connected spaces are path-connected. * Simply connected. A space ''X'' is simply connected if it is path-connected and every continuous map ''f'': S1 → ''X'' is homotopic to a constant map. *Locally simply connected. A space ''X'' is locally simply connected space, locally simply connected if every point ''x'' in ''X'' has a local base of neighborhoods ''U'' that is simply connected. *Semi-locally simply connected. A space ''X'' is semi-locally simply connected if every point has a local base of neighborhoods ''U'' such that ''every'' loop in ''U'' is contractible in ''X''. Semi-local simple connectivity, a strictly weaker condition than local simple connectivity, is a necessary condition for the existence of a universal cover. * Contractible. A space ''X'' is Contractible space, contractible if the identity function, identity map on ''X'' is homotopic to a constant map. Contractible spaces are always simply connected. * Hyperconnected. A space is hyperconnected if no two non-empty open sets are disjoint. Every hyperconnected space is connected. * Ultraconnected. A space is ultraconnected if no two non-empty closed sets are disjoint. Every ultraconnected space is path-connected. * Indiscrete or trivial. A space is indiscrete space, indiscrete if the only open sets are the empty set and itself. Such a space is said to have the trivial topology.

## Compactness

* Compact. A space is Compact space, compact if every open cover has a finite ''subcover''. Some authors call these spaces quasicompact and reserve compact for Hausdorff space, Hausdorff spaces where every open cover has finite subcover. Compact spaces are always Lindelöf and paracompact. Compact Hausdorff spaces are therefore normal. * Sequentially compact. A space is sequentially compact if every sequence has a convergent subsequence. * Countably compact. A space is countably compact if every countable open cover has a finite subcover. * Pseudocompact. A space is pseudocompact if every continuous real-valued function on the space is bounded. * σ-compact. A space is σ-compact space, σ-compact if it is the union of countably many compact subsets. * Lindelöf. A space is Lindelöf space, Lindelöf if every open cover has a countable subcover. * Paracompact. A space is paracompact if every open cover has an open locally finite refinement. Paracompact Hausdorff spaces are normal. * Locally compact. A space is locally compact if every point has a local base consisting of compact neighbourhoods. Slightly different definitions are also used. Locally compact Hausdorff spaces are always Tychonoff. * Ultraconnected compact. In an ultra-connected compact space ''X'' every open cover must contain ''X'' itself. Non-empty ultra-connected compact spaces have a largest proper open subset called a monolith.

## Metrizability

* Metrizable. A space is Metrizable space, metrizable if it is homeomorphic to a metric space. Metrizable spaces are always Hausdorff and paracompact (and hence normal and Tychonoff), and first-countable. Moreover, a topological space (X,T) is said to be metrizable if there exists a metric for X such that the metric topology T(d) is identical with the topology T. * Polish. A space is called Polish space, Polish if it is metrizable with a separable and complete metric. * Locally metrizable. A space is locally metrizable if every point has a metrizable neighbourhood.

## Miscellaneous

* Baire space. A space ''X'' is a Baire space if it is not Meagre set, meagre in itself. Equivalently, ''X'' is a Baire space if the intersection of countably many dense open sets is dense. * Door space. A topological space is a door space if every subset is open or closed (or both). * Topological Homogeneity. A space ''X'' is (topologically) homogeneous space, homogeneous if for every ''x'' and ''y'' in ''X'' there is a homeomorphism $f : X \to X$ such that $f\left(x\right) = y.$ Intuitively speaking, this means that the space looks the same at every point. All topological groups are homogeneous. * Finitely generated or Alexandrov. A space ''X'' is Alexandrov topology, Alexandrov if arbitrary intersections of open sets in ''X'' are open, or equivalently if arbitrary unions of closed sets are closed. These are precisely the Finitely generated object, finitely generated members of the category of topological spaces and continuous maps. * Zero-dimensional. A space is zero-dimensional if it has a base of clopen sets. These are precisely the spaces with a small inductive dimension of ''0''. * Almost discrete. A space is almost discrete if every open set is closed (hence clopen). The almost discrete spaces are precisely the finitely generated zero-dimensional spaces. * Boolean. A space is Boolean space, Boolean if it is zero-dimensional, compact and Hausdorff (equivalently, totally disconnected, compact and Hausdorff). These are precisely the spaces that are homeomorphic to the Stone spaces of Boolean algebra (structure), Boolean algebras. * Reidemeister torsion * $\kappa$-resolvable. A space is said to be κ-resolvable (respectively: almost κ-resolvable) if it contains κ dense sets that are pairwise disjoint (respectively: almost disjoint over the ideal of nowhere dense subsets). If the space is not $\kappa$-resolvable then it is called $\kappa$-irresolvable. * Maximally resolvable. Space $X$ is maximally resolvable if it is $\Delta\left(X\right)$-resolvable, where $\Delta\left(X\right) = \min\.$ Number $\Delta\left(X\right)$ is called dispersion character of $X.$ * Strongly discrete. Set $D$ is strongly discrete subset of the space $X$ if the points in $D$ may be separated by pairwise disjoint neighborhoods. Space $X$ is said to be strongly discrete if every non-isolated point of $X$ is the Limit point, accumulation point of some strongly discrete set.

# Non-topological properties

There are many examples of properties of Metric space, metric spaces, etc, which are not topological properties. To show a property $P$ is not topological, it is sufficient to find two homeomorphic topological spaces $X \cong Y$ such that $X$ has $P$, but $Y$ does not have $P$. For example, the metric space properties of Metric space#Bounded and totally bounded spaces, boundedness and Metric space#Complete spaces, completeness are not topological properties. Let $X = \R$ and $Y = \left(-\tfrac,\tfrac\right)$ be metric spaces with the standard metric. Then, $X \cong Y$ via the homeomorphism $\operatorname\colon X \to Y$. However, $X$ is complete but not bounded, while $Y$ is bounded but not complete.

*Euler characteristic *Winding number *Characteristic class *Characteristic numbers *Chern class *Knot invariant *Linking number *Fixed-point property *Topological quantum number *Homotopy group and Cohomotopy group *Homology (mathematics), Homology and cohomology *Quantum invariant

# References

* * {{refend [2] Simon Moulieras, Maciej Lewenstein and Graciana Puentes, Entanglement engineering and topological protection by discrete-time quantum walks, Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 46 (10), 104005 (2013). https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-4075/46/10/104005/pdf Properties of topological spaces, Homeomorphisms ru:Топологический инвариант