Tetraphenylporphyrin, abbreviated TPP or H₂TPP, is a synthetic

heterocyclic compound A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s). Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, an ...

that resembles naturally occurring

porphyrin Porphyrins ( ) are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (=CH−). The parent of porphyrin is porphine, a rare chemical com ...

s. Porphyrins are dyes and cofactors found in

hemoglobin Hemoglobin (haemoglobin BrE) (from the Greek word αἷμα, ''haîma'' 'blood' + Latin ''globus'' 'ball, sphere' + ''-in'') (), abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein present in red blood cells (erythroc ...

and

cytochrome Cytochromes are redox-active proteins containing a heme, with a central Fe atom at its core, as a cofactor. They are involved in electron transport chain and redox catalysis. They are classified according to the type of heme and its mode of ...

s and are related to

chlorophyll Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ("pale green") and , ("leaf"). Chlorophyll allow plants to ...

and vitamin B₁₂. The study of naturally occurring porphyrins is complicated by their low symmetry and the presence of polar substituents. Tetraphenylporphyrin is

hydrophobic In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe). In contrast, hydrophiles are attracted to water. Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar and, ...

, symmetrically substituted, and easily synthesized. The compound is a dark purple solid that dissolves in nonpolar organic solvents such as

chloroform Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula C H Cl3 and a common organic solvent. It is a colorless, strong-smelling, dense liquid produced on a large scale as a precursor to PTFE. It is also a precursor to various ...

and

benzene Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. The benzene molecule is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each. Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms ...

Synthesis and structure

Tetraphenylporphyrin was first synthesized in 1935 by Rothemund, who caused benzaldehyde and pyrrole to react in a sealed bomb at 150 °C for 24 h. Adler and Longo modified the Rothemund method by allowing benzaldehyde and pyrrole to react for 30 min in refluxing propionic acid (141 °C) open to the air: :8 C₄H₄NH + 8 C₆H₅CHO + 3 O₂ → 2 (C₆H₅C)₄(C₄H₂N)₂(C₄H₂NH)₂ + 14 H₂O Despite its modest yields, the synthesis of H₂TPP is a common experiment in university teaching labs. Highly efficient routes to H₂TPP and many analogues involve the air-free condensation of the pyrrole and aldehyde to give the porphyrinogen. In this so-called Lindsey synthesis of meso-substituted porphyrins, the porphyrinogen is subsequently oxidized to deliver the porphyrin. The conjugate base of the porphyrin, TPP²⁻, belongs to the

symmetry group In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group operation of composition. Such a transformation is an invertible mapping of the amb ...

D_4h while its hydrogenated counterpart H₂(TPP) is D_2h. Unlike natural porphyrins, H₂TPP is substituted at the oxidatively sensitive "meso" carbon positions, and hence the compound is sometimes called ''meso''-tetraphenylporphyrin. Another synthetic porphyrin, octaethylporphyrin (H₂OEP) does have a substitution pattern that is biomimetic. Many derivatives of TPP and OEP are known, including those prepared from substituted benzaldehydes. One of the first functional analogues of

myoglobin Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals. Myoglobin is distantly related to hemoglobin. Compared to hemoglobin, myoglob ...

was the ferrous derivative of the "picket fence porphyrin," which is structurally related to Fe(TPP), being derived via the condensation of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde and pyrrole. File:PicketFenceGenericRevised.png, A picket-fence porphyrin complex of Fe, with axial coordination sites occupied by methylimidazole (green) and

dioxygen There are several known allotropes of oxygen. The most familiar is molecular oxygen (O2), present at significant levels in Earth's atmosphere and also known as dioxygen or triplet oxygen. Another is the highly reactive ozone (O3). Others are: * ...

(R = amide groups). File:FeTPP(CCl2)Mansuy.png, Structure of Fe(TPP)CC(C₆H₄Cl)₂, one of several iron carbenoid complexes reported by

Daniel Mansuy Daniel Mansuy is a French researcher and chemist born in 1945 in Châteauroux (Indre), a member of the French Academy of Sciences. Biography Daniel Mansuy graduated from the École nationale supérieure de chimie de Paris (now Chimie Paris Tech ...

Sulfonated Aromatic sulfonation is an organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. Aryl sulfonic acids are used as detergents, dye, and drugs. Stoichiometry an ...

derivatives of TPP are also well known to give water-soluble derivatives, e.g.

tetraphenylporphine sulfonate Tetraphenylporphine sulfonate is a trypanocidal agent. References Antiparasitic agents Tetrapyrroles Sulfonic acids {{antiinfective-drug-stub ...

: :4 SO₃ + (C₆H₅C)₄(C₄H₂N)₂(C₄H₂NH)₂ → (HO₃SC₆H₄C)₄(C₄H₂N)₂(C₄H₂NH)₂ + 4 H₂O

Complexes

Complexation can be thought of as proceeding via the conversion of H₂TPP to TPP²⁻, with 4-fold symmetry. The metal insertion process proceeds via several steps, not via the dianion. Representative complexes: *Cu(TPP) *Zn(TPP)L_x *VO(TPP) * Fe(TPP)Cl

Optical properties

Tetraphenylporphyrin has a strong absorption band with maximum at 419 nm (so called Soret band) and four weak bands with maxima at 515, 550, 593 and 649 nm (so called Q-bands). It shows red fluorescence with maxima at 649 and 717 nm. The quantum yield is 11%. Soret red shifts for Zn(TTP)-Donor systems relative to the Soret band at 416.2 nm for Zn(TTP) in cyclohexane have been measured.

Applications

H₂TPP is a

photosensitizer Photosensitizers produce a physicochemical change in a neighboring molecule by either donating an electron to the substrate or by abstracting a hydrogen atom from the substrate. At the end of this process, the photosensitizer eventually returns t ...

for the production of

singlet oxygen Singlet oxygen, systematically named dioxygen(singlet) and dioxidene, is a gaseous inorganic chemical with the formula O=O (also written as or ), which is in a quantum state where all electrons are spin paired. It is kinetically unstable at ambi ...

.Karl-Heinz Pfoertner (2002) "Photochemistry" in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'', Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. Its molecules have potential applications in

single-molecule electronics Molecular scale electronics, also called single-molecule electronics, is a branch of nanotechnology that uses single molecules, or nanoscale collections of single molecules, as electronic components. Because single molecules constitute the smalle ...

, as they show diode-like behavior that can be altered for each individual molecule.

References

{{Reflist Chelating agents Tetrapyrroles Macrocycles Phenyl compounds