Terpineol is any of four
isomeric
monoterpenoids. Terpenoids are terpene that are modified by the addition of a
functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reactions regardless of the r ...
, in this case, an
alcohol. Terpineols have been isolated from a variety of sources such as
cardamom
Cardamom (), sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera '' Elettaria'' and '' Amomum'' in the family Zingiberaceae. Both genera are native to the Indian subcontinent and Indonesia. They ar ...
,
cajuput oil,
pine oil, and
petitgrain
Petitgrain () is an essential oil that is extracted from the leaves and green twigs of the bitter orange tree (''Citrus aurantium'' ssp. ''amara'') via steam distillation. It is also known as petitgrain bigarade.
Etymology
Petitgrain (Fr.: “ ...
oil. Four
isomers exist: α-, β-, γ-terpineol, and
terpinen-4-ol. β- and γ-terpineol differ only by the location of the
double bond. Terpineol is usually a mixture of these isomers with α-terpineol as the major constituent.
:
Terpineol has a pleasant odor similar to lilac and is a common ingredient in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavors. α-Terpineol is one of the two most abundant
aroma
An odor (American English) or odour (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences) is caused by one or more volatilized chemical compounds that are generally found in low concentrations that humans and animals can perceive via their sens ...
constituents of
lapsang souchong tea; the α-terpineol originates in the pine smoke used to dry the tea. (+)-α-terpineol is a chemical constituent of
skullcap.
Synthesis and biosynthesis
Although it is naturally occurring, terpineol is commonly manufactured from
alpha-pinene, which is hydrated in the presence of sulfuric acid.
An alternative route starts from
limonene:
:
Limonene reacts with
trifluoroacetic acid
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CF3CO2H. It is a structural analogue of acetic acid with all three of the acetyl group's hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine atoms and is a colorless liquid with ...
in a
Markovnikov addition
In organic chemistry, Markovnikov's rule or Markownikoff's rule describes the outcome of some addition reactions. The rule was formulated by Russian chemist Vladimir Markovnikov in 1870.
Explanation
The rule states that with the addition of a pr ...
to a trifluoroacetate intermediate, which is easily hydrolyzed with
sodium hydroxide to α-terpineol with 7% selectivity. Side-products are β-terpineol in a mixture of the
''cis'' isomer, the ''trans'' isomer, and 4-terpineol.
The biosynthesis of α-terpineol proceeds from geranyl pyrophosphate, which releases pyrophosphate to give the terpinyl cation. This carbocation is the precursor to many terpenes and terpenoids. Its hydrolysis gives terpineol.
:
References
External links
MSDS for alpha-terpineol*
{{Authority control
Flavors
Monoterpenes
Alkenols
Cyclohexenes