A telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit industrywide) is a single-user
circuit on a telephone
communication
Communication (from la, communicare, meaning "to share" or "to be in relation with") is usually defined as the transmission of information. The term may also refer to the message communicated through such transmissions or the field of inqui ...
system. It is designed to reproduce speech of a quality that is understandable. It is the physical
wire
Overhead power cabling. The conductor consists of seven strands of steel (centre, high tensile strength), surrounded by four outer layers of aluminium (high conductivity). Sample diameter 40 mm
A wire is a flexible strand of metal.
Wire is co ...
or other signaling medium connecting the user's telephone apparatus to the
telecommunications
Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. It has its origin in the desire of humans for communication over a distance greater than that ...
network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for
billing purposes reserved for that user. Telephone lines are used to deliver
landline
A landline (land line, land-line, main line, home phone, fixed-line, and wireline) is a telephone connection that uses metal wires or optical fiber telephone line for transmission, as distinguished from a mobile cellular network, which us ...
telephone service and
Digital subscriber line (DSL) phone cable service to the premises. Telephone overhead lines are connected to the public switched telephone network. The
voltage
Voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to ...
at a subscriber's network interface is typically 48 V between the ring and tip wires, with tip near ground and ring at -48 V.
In the United States
In 1878, the
Bell Telephone Company began to use two-wire circuits, called the
local loop, from each user's telephone to
end offices which performed any necessary electrical switching to allow voice signals to be transmitted to more distant telephones.
These wires were typically
copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pink ...
, although
aluminium
Aluminium (aluminum in American and Canadian English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals, at approximately one third that of steel. It ha ...
has also been used, and were carried in
balanced pairs of open wire, separated by about 25 cm (10") on
poles
Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, who share a common history, culture, the Polish language and are identified with the country of Poland in ...
above the ground, and later as
twisted pair
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring used for communications in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of improving electromagnetic compatibility. Compared to a single conductor or an untwisted b ...
cables. Modern lines may run underground, and may carry analog or digital signals to the exchange, or may have
a device that converts the
analog signal to digital for
transmission on a
carrier system.
Often the customer end of that wire pair is connected to a
data access arrangement;
the telephone company end of that wire pair is connected to a
telephone hybrid.
In most cases, two
copper wires (
tip and ring) for each telephone line run from a home or other small building to a local
telephone exchange. There is a central
junction box for the building where the wires that go to telephone jacks throughout the building and wires that go to the exchange meet and can be connected in different configurations depending upon the subscribed telephone service. The wires between the junction box and the exchange are known as the
local loop, and the network of wires going to an exchange is known as the
access network.
The vast majority of houses in the U.S. are wired with 6-position
modular jacks with four
conductors (
6P4C) wired to the house's junction box with copper wires. Those copper wires may be connected back to two telephone overhead lines at the local
telephone exchange, thus making those jacks
RJ14 jacks. More often, only two of the wires are connected to the exchange as one telephone line, and the others are unconnected. In that case, the jacks in the house are
RJ11.
Older houses often have 4-conductor telephone station cable in the walls color coded with Bell System colors: red, green, yellow, black as 2-pairs of 22 AWG (0.33 mm²) solid copper; "line 1" uses the red/green pair and "line 2" uses the yellow/black pair.
Inside the walls of the house—between the house's outside junction box and the interior
wall jack
A telephone jack and a telephone plug are electrical connectors for connecting a telephone set or other telecommunications apparatus to the telephone wiring inside a building, establishing a connection to a telephone network. The plug is inserted ...
s—the most common telephone cable in new houses is
Category 5 cable—4 pairs of 24 AWG (0.205 mm²) solid copper.
Inside large buildings, and in the outdoor cables that run to the telephone company
POP
Pop or POP may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Music
* Pop music, a musical genre Artists
* POP, a Japanese idol group now known as Gang Parade
* Pop!, a UK pop group
* Pop! featuring Angie Hart, an Australian band
Albums
* ''Pop'' ( ...
, many telephone lines are bundled together in a single cable using the
25-pair color code.
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Telephone Line
Local loop
Line
Telecommunications infrastructure