A suppository is a dosage form used to deliver

medications A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease. Drug therapy ( pharmacotherapy) is an important part of the medical field and re ...

by insertion into a body orifice where it dissolves or melts to exert local or systemic effects. There are three types of suppositories, each to insert into a different sections: rectal suppositories into the

rectum The rectum is the final straight portion of the large intestine in humans and some other mammals, and the gut in others. The adult human rectum is about long, and begins at the rectosigmoid junction (the end of the sigmoid colon) at the l ...

, vaginal suppositories into the

vagina In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hymen ...

, and urethral suppositories into the urethra of a male. Suppositories are ideal for infants, elderly individuals and post-operative patients, who are unable to swallow oral medications, and for individuals experiencing severe nausea and/or vomiting.

Composition

Several different ingredients can be used to form the base of a suppository:

cocoa butter Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is a pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean. It is used to make chocolate, as well as some ointments, toiletries, and pharmaceuticals. Cocoa butter has a cocoa flavor and aroma. Its melt ...

or a similar substitute, polyethylene glycol, hydrogels, and glycerinated

gelatin Gelatin or gelatine (from la, gelatus meaning "stiff" or "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts. It is brittle when dry and rubbery when moist. It may also ...

. The type of material used depends on the type of suppository, the type of drug, and the conditions in which the suppository will be stored.

Rectal suppositories

In 1991, a study on suppository insertion in ''

The Lancet ''The Lancet'' is a weekly peer-reviewed general medical journal and one of the oldest of its kind. It is also the world's highest-impact academic journal. It was founded in England in 1823. The journal publishes original research articles ...

'' found that the "torpedo" shape helps the device to travel internally, increasing its efficacy. The findings of this single study have been challenged as there is insufficient evidence on which to base clinical practice. Rectal suppositories are intended for localized or systemic action to relieve pain, constipation, irritation, inflammation, nausea and vomiting, fever, migraines, allergies, and sedation. Panadol suppositories

Urethral suppositories

Alprostadil Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), also known as alprostadil, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication. In infants with congenital heart defects, it is delivered by slow injection into a vein to open the ductus arteriosus unti ...

pellets are urethral suppositories used for the treatment of severe erectile dysfunction (impotence). They are marketed under the name ''Muse'' in the United States. Its use has diminished since the development of oral impotence medications.

Notes

References

* Doyle, D.
"Per Rectum: A History of Enemata"
''Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh'', Vol.35, No.4, (December 2005), pp. 367–370. * Payer, L.
"Borderline Cases: How Medical Practice Reflects National Culture"
''The Sciences'', Vol.30, No.4, (July–August 1990), pp. 38–42. {{Authority control Anus Constipation Dosage forms Drug delivery devices Drugs acting on the gastrointestinal system and metabolism Laxatives Rectum Routes of administration

Composition

Rectal suppositories

Urethral suppositories

See also

Notes

References