Overview
Subject–auxiliary inversion involves placing the subject after a finite auxiliary verb, rather than before it as is the case in typical declarative sentences (the canonical word order of English being subject–verb–object). The auxiliary verbs which may participate in such inversion (e.g. ''is'', ''can'', ''have'', ''will'', etc.) are described at English auxiliaries and contractions. Note that forms of the verb ''be'' are included regardless of whether or not they function as auxiliaries in the sense of governing another verb form. (For exceptions to this restriction, see below.) A typical example of subject–auxiliary inversion is given below. ::a. Sam has read the paper. ::b. Has Sam read the paper? Here the subject is ''Sam'', and the verb ''has'' is an auxiliary. In the question, these two elements change places (invert). If the sentence does not have an auxiliary verb, this type of simple inversion is not possible. Instead, an auxiliary must be introduced into the sentence in order to allow inversion: ::a. Sam enjoys the paper. ::b. *Enjoys Sam the paper? ::c. Sam does enjoy the paper. ::d. Does Sam enjoy the paper? For details of the use of ''do'', ''did'' and ''does'' for this and similar purposes, see ''do''-support. For exceptions to the principle that the inverted verb must be an auxiliary, see below. It is also possible for the subject to invert with a negative contraction (''can't'', ''isn't'', etc.). For example: ::a. He isn't nice. ::b. Isn't he nice? Compare this with the uncontracted form ''Is he not nice?'' and the archaic ''Is not he nice?''.Uses of subject–auxiliary inversion
The main uses of subject–auxiliary inversion in English are described in the following sections, although other types can occasionally be found. Most of these uses of inversion are restricted to main clauses; they are not found in subordinate clauses. However other types (such as inversion in condition clauses) are specific to subordinate clauses.In questions
The most common use of subject–auxiliary inversion in English is in question formation. It appears inNegative inversion
Another use of subject–auxiliary inversion is in sentences which begin with certain types of expressions which contain a negation or have negative force. For example, ::a. Jessica will say that at no time. ::b. At no time will Jessica say that. ::c. Only on Mondays will Jessica say that. This is described in detail atInversion in condition clauses
Subject–auxiliary inversion can be used in certain types of subordinate clause expressing a condition: ::a. If the general had not ordered the advance,... ::b. Had the general not ordered the advance,... Note that when the condition is expressed using inversion, the conjunction ''if'' is omitted. More possibilities are given at .Other cases
Subject–auxiliary inversion is used after the anaphoric particle ''so'', mainly in elliptical sentences. The same frequently occurs in elliptical clauses beginning with ''as''. ::a. Fred fell asleep, and Jim did too. ::b. Fred fell asleep, and so did Jim. ::c. Fred fell asleep, as did Jim. Inversion also occurs following an expression beginning with ''so'' or ''such'', as in: ::a. We felt so tired (such tiredness) that we fell asleep. ::b. So tired (Such tiredness) did we feel that we fell asleep. Subject–auxiliary inversion may optionally be used in elliptical clauses introduced by the particle of comparison ''than'': ::a. Sally knows more languages than her father does. ::b. Sally knows more languages than does her father.Inversion with other types of verb
There are certain sentence patterns in English in which subject–verb inversion takes place where the verb is not restricted to an auxiliary verb. Here the subject may invert with certain main verbs, e.g. ''After the pleasure comes the pain'', or with a chain of verbs, e.g. ''In the box will be a bottle''. These are described in the article on subject-verb inversion. Further, inversion was not limited to auxiliaries in older forms of English. Examples of non-auxiliary verbs being used in typical subject–auxiliary inversion patterns may be found in older texts or in English written in an archaic style: ::Know you what it is to be a child? (Inversion as a remnant of V2 word order
In some cases of subject–auxiliary inversion, such as negative inversion, the effect is to put the finite auxiliary verb into second position in the sentence. In these cases, inversion in English results in word order that is like the V2 word order of otherStructural analyses
Syntactic theories based on phrase structure typically analyze subject-aux inversion using syntactic movement. In such theories, a sentence with subject-aux inversion has an underlying structure where the auxiliary is embedded deeper in the structure. When the movement rule applies, it moves the auxiliary to the beginning of the sentence. :: An alternative analysis does not acknowledge the binary division of the clause into subject NP and predicate VP, but rather it places the finite verb as the root of the entire sentence and views the subject as switching to the other side of the finite verb. No discontinuity is perceived. Dependency grammars are likely to pursue this sort of analysis.Concerning the dependency grammar analysis of inversion, see Hudson (1990: 214-216) and Groß and Osborne (2009: 64-66). The following dependency trees illustrate how this alternative account can be understood: :: These trees show the finite verb as the root of all sentence structure. The hierarchy of words remains the same across the a- and b-trees. If movement occurs at all, it occurs rightward (not leftward); the subject moves rightward to appear as a post-dependent of its head, which is the finite auxiliary verb.See also
*Notes
References
*Adger, D. 2003. Core syntax:A minimalist approach. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. *Bach, E. 1974. Syntactic theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. *Culicover, P. 1997. Principles and parameters: An introduction to syntactic theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. *Downing, A. and Locke, P. 1992. English grammar: A university course, second edition. London: Routledge. *Greenbaum, S. and R. Quirk. 1990. A student's grammar of the English language. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman. *Groß, T. and T. Osborne 2009. Toward a practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities. SKY Journal of Linguistics 22, 43-90. *Hudson, R. English Word Grammar. 1990. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. *Lockwood, D. 2002. Syntactic analysis and description: A constructional approach. London: continuum. *Ouhalla, J. 1994. Transformational grammar: From rules to principles and parametrs. London: Edward Arnold. *Quirk, R. S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Svartvik. 1979. A grammar of contemporary English. London: Longman. *Radford, A. 1988. Transformational Grammar: A first course. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. *Radford, A. 2004. English syntax: An introduction.Cambridge University Press. {{DEFAULTSORT:Subject-Auxiliary Inversion English grammar Syntactic entities Syntactic transformation Word order