A sistrum (plural: sistra or Latin sistra;
from the
Greek ''seistron'' of the same meaning; literally "that which is being shaken", from ''seiein'', "to shake") is a
musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds. In principle, any object that produces sound can be considered a musical instrument—it is through purpose that the object becomes a musical instrument. A person who pl ...
of the
percussion
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Exc ...
family, chiefly associated with
ancient Egypt. It consists of a handle and a U-shaped metal frame, made of brass or bronze and between 30 and 76 cm in width. When shaken, the small rings or loops of thin metal on its movable crossbars produce a sound that can be from a soft clank to a loud jangling. Its name in the ancient
Egyptian language
The Egyptian language or Ancient Egyptian ( ) is a dead Afro-Asiatic language that was spoken in ancient Egypt. It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts which were made accessible to the modern world following the deciphe ...
was sekhem ''(sḫm)'' and sesheshet ''(sššt).''
Sekhem is the simpler, hoop-like sistrum, while sesheshet (an
onomatopoeic word) is the
naos-shaped one. The modern day West African disc rattle instrument is also called a sistrum.
Egyptian sistrum
The sistrum was a sacred instrument in ancient Egypt. Perhaps originating in the worship of
Bat, it was used in dances and religious ceremonies, particularly in the worship of the goddess
Hathor
Hathor ( egy, ḥwt-ḥr, lit=House of Horus, grc, Ἁθώρ , cop, ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic: ) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky ...
, with the U-shape of the sistrum's handle and frame seen as resembling the face and horns of the cow goddess. It also was shaken to avert the
flooding of the Nile and to frighten away
Set
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
.
Isis in her role as mother and creator was depicted holding a
pail
A bucket is typically a watertight, vertical Cylinder (geometry), cylinder or Truncation (geometry), truncated Cone (geometry), cone or square, with an open top and a flat bottom, attached to a semicircular carrying handle (grip), handle called ...
, symbolizing the flooding of the Nile, in one hand and a sistrum in the other. The goddess
Bast often is depicted holding a sistrum also, with it symbolizing her role as a goddess of dance, joy, and festivity.
Sistra are still used in the
Alexandrian Rite and
Ethiopic Rite
Alexandrian rites are liturgical rites employed by three Oriental Orthodox churches, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, as well as by their Eastern Catholic count ...
. Besides the depiction in
Egyptian art with dancing and expressions of joy, the sistrum was also mentioned in
Egyptian literature
Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature. Ancient Egyptians were the first to develop written literature, as inscriptions or in collections of papyrus, precursors to the modern boo ...
. The hieroglyph for the sistrum is shown.
Minoan sistrum
The ancient
Minoans also used the sistrum, and a number of examples made of local clay have been found on the island of
Crete
Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, ...
. Five of these are displayed at the Archaeological Museum of
Agios Nikolaos. A sistrum is also depicted on the Harvester Vase, an artifact found at the site of
Hagia Triada.
Researchers are not sure yet if the clay sistra were actual instruments that were used to provide music, or instead were models with only symbolic significance. But, experiments with a ceramic replica show that a satisfactory clacking sound is produced by such a design in clay, so a use in rituals is probably to be preferred.
[Philip P. Betancourt, Costis Davaras, and Eleni Stravopodi,]
Excavations in the Hagios Charlambos Cave: A Preliminary Report
, ''Hesperia'' 77 (2008): 539–605.
The sistrum today
The (sistrum) remained a liturgical instrument in the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church throughout the centuries and is played today during the dance performed by the ''
debtera'' (cantors) on important church festivals. It is also occasionally found in
Neopagan
Modern paganism, also known as contemporary paganism and neopaganism, is a term for a religion or family of religions influenced by the various historical pre-Christian beliefs of pre-modern peoples in Europe and adjacent areas of North Afric ...
worship and ritual.
The sistrum was occasionally revived in 19th century Western orchestral music, appearing most prominently in Act 1 of the opera ''
Les Troyens'' (1856–1858) by the French composer
Hector Berlioz. Nowadays, however, it is replaced by its close modern equivalent, the
tambourine
The tambourine is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of a frame, often of wood or plastic, with pairs of small metal jingles, called " zills". Classically the term tambourine denotes an instrument with a drumhead, tho ...
. The effect produced by the sistrum in music – when shaken in short, sharp, rhythmic pulses – is to arouse movement and activity. The rhythmical shaking of the sistrum, like the tambourine, is associated with religious or ecstatic events, whether shaken as a sacred rattle in the worship of Hathor of ancient Egypt, or in the strident jangling of the tambourine in modern-day
Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that affirms the centrality of being " born again", in which an individual expe ...
, in
Romani
Romani may refer to:
Ethnicities
* Romani people, an ethnic group of Northern Indian origin, living dispersed in Europe, the Americas and Asia
** Romani genocide, under Nazi rule
* Romani language, any of several Indo-Aryan languages of the Roma ...
song and dance, on stage at a rock concert, or to heighten a large-scale orchestral
tutti.
Classical composer
Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012) calls for the flautist to play two sistra in his 1988 work ''
Sonate für sechs Spieler'' (''Sonata for six players'').
West Africa
Various modern West African and Gabon rattle instruments are also called ''sistra'' (plural of ''sistrum''): the calabash sistrum, the West Africa sistrum or disc rattle (n'goso m'bara) also called Wasamba or Wassahouba rattle. It typically consists of a V-shaped branch with some or many concave calabash discs attached, which can be decorated.
Musée virtuel Canada museevirtuel.ca/edu Calabash Sistra, Gabon
/ref>
Gallery
Broken Sistrum (1890) - TIMEA.jpg, Broken Egyptian Sistrum
Image:Abu Simbel Nefartari Sistrum-2.jpg, Nefertari, wife of Ramesses II
Ramesses II ( egy, rꜥ-ms-sw ''Rīʿa-məsī-sū'', , meaning "Ra is the one who bore him"; ), commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Along with Thutmose III he is often regarded a ...
, holding a ''sekhem''-type sistrum
C+B-Music-Fig5-EgyptianSistrum.PNG, Egyptian Sistrum
Louvres-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1010937.jpg, Collection of sistrums at the Louvre
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is the world's most-visited museum, and an historic landmark in Paris, France. It is the home of some of the best-known works of art, including the ''Mona Lisa'' and the '' Venus de Milo''. A central ...
Egyptian - Sistrum - Walters 541207.jpg, Walters Art Museum, ca. 380–250 BCE
As-Hadrian-Aegyptus-RIC 0839,As.jpg, Seated woman with sistrum on a coin issued under Hadrian
Hadrian (; la, Caesar Trâiānus Hadriānus ; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born in Italica (close to modern Santiponce in Spain), a Roman ''municipium'' founded by Italic settlers in Hispania ...
Isis Musei Capitolini MC744.jpg, Romanized Isis holding a sistrum, also from the time of Hadrian
ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - G 14 - Life in Ziguinchor, Senegal - PAIGC boarding school band, Ziguinchor - 1973 - Sistrum - Disc Rattle.jpg, School band player holding two disc rattles (sistra), Ziguinchor, Senegal, 1973
File:Sistro.jpg, 2300-2000 BC, Anatolia (Turkey), made in copper alloy.
Footnotes
References
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Sistrum (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)
*
*
{{Authority control
Shaken idiophones or rattles
Egyptian artefact types
Arabic musical instruments
Ethiopian musical instruments
Ancient Egyptian musical instruments
Ancient Greek musical instruments
Sacred musical instruments