This is a list of digraphs used in various

Latin alphabet The Latin alphabet or Roman alphabet is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Largely unaltered with the exception of extensions (such as diacritics), it used to write English and the ...

s. Capitalisation involves only the first letter (''ch'' becomes ''Ch'') unless otherwise stated (''ij'' becomes ''IJ''). Letters with diacritics are arranged in alphabetic order according to their base: is alphabetised with , not at the end of the alphabet, as it would be in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Substantially-modified letters, such as (a variant of ) and (based on ), are placed at the end.

Apostrophe

(capital ) is used in

Bari Bari ( , ; nap, label= Barese, Bare ; lat, Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy. It is the second most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy ...

for . (capital ) is used in Bari for . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for when it appears in a dark or ''yin'' tone. It is also often written as . is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark is used in the Wu MiniDict Romanisation for dark (capital ) is used in Bari and Hausa (in Nigeria) for , but in Niger, Hausa is replaced with .

A

is used in Taa, where it represents the glottalized or creaky-voiced vowel . is used in

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People ...

, Finnish and other languages with phonemic long vowels for . It is also used in some English and Scots dialects, such as Northumbrian and Shetlandic, to represent . It was formerly used in Danish and Norwegian (and still is in some proper names) to represent a single vowel, which in Danish is often or , until it was replaced with the letter . There is a ligature . In

Cantonese Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...

Romanisations such as

Jyutping Jyutping is a romanisation system for Cantonese developed by the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong (LSHK), an academic group, in 1993. Its formal name is the Linguistic Society of Hong Kong Cantonese Romanization Scheme. The LSHK advocates for ...

Yale Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the w ...

, this is used to represent , which contrasts with . is used in Irish, where it represents between two "broad" (

velarized Velarization is a secondary articulation of consonants by which the back of the tongue is raised toward the velum during the articulation of the consonant. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, velarization is transcribed by one of four dia ...

) consonants, e.g. ''Gael'' ('a

Gael The Gaels ( ; ga, Na Gaeil ; gd, Na Gàidheil ; gv, Ny Gaeil ) are an ethnolinguistic group native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man in the British Isles. They are associated with the Gaelic languages: a branch of the Celtic langu ...

'). : In

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

, originally represented the

diphthong A diphthong ( ; , ), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the speech ...

, before it was

monophthong A monophthong ( ; , ) is a pure vowel sound, one whose articulation at both beginning and end is relatively fixed, and which does not glide up or down towards a new position of articulation. The monophthongs can be contrasted with diphthongs, wh ...

ized in the

Vulgar Latin Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, is the range of non-formal registers of Latin spoken from the Late Roman Republic onward. Through time, Vulgar Latin would evolve into numerous Romance languages. Its literary counterpar ...

period to ; in medieval manuscripts, the digraph was frequently replaced by the ligature . : In Modern English, Latin loanwords with are generally pronounced with (e.g. ''Caesar''), prompting

Noah Webster Noah ''Nukh''; am, ኖህ, ''Noḥ''; ar, نُوح '; grc, Νῶε ''Nôe'' () is the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs in the traditions of Abrahamic religions. His story appears in the Hebrew Bible (Book of Genesis, chapters 5� ...

to shorten this to in his 1806

spelling reform A spelling reform is a deliberate, often authoritatively sanctioned or mandated change to spelling rules. Proposals for such reform are fairly common, and over the years, many languages have undergone such reforms. Recent high-profile examples ar ...

for

American English American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the most widely spoken language in the United States and in most circumstances ...

. : In German, is a variant of found in some proper names or in contexts where is unavailable. : In

, is an old spelling variant of the digraph but now only occurs in names of people or (less often) places and in a few loanwords from Greek and Latin. : In Zhuang, is used for ( is used for ). : In

Revised Romanization of Korean Revised Romanization of Korean () is the official Korean language romanization system in South Korea. It was developed by the National Academy of the Korean Language from 1995 and was released to the public on 7 July 2000 by South Korea's Min ...

, is used for /ɛ/. is used in

Portuguese Portuguese may refer to: * anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal ** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods ** Portuguese language, a Romance language *** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language ** Por ...

for . is used in Taa, where it represents the breathy or murmured . In German and English it typically represents a

long vowel In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, ...

. is used in many

language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of ...

s, typically representing the diphthong . In English, as a result of the

Great Vowel Shift The Great Vowel Shift was a series of changes in the pronunciation of the English language that took place primarily between 1400 and 1700, beginning in southern England and today having influenced effectively all dialects of English. Through ...

, the vowel of has shifted from this value to as in ''pain'' and ''rain'', while it may have a sound of in unstressed syllables like ''bargain'' and ''certain(ly)'', or in the stressed syllable of ''again(st)'' (AmE), depending on the word; while in French, a different change, ''monophthongization'', has occurred, resulting in the digraph representing . A similar change has also occurred during the development of Greek, resulting in and the both having the same sound; originally , later . In German, it represents as in ''Kaiser'' (which derived from Latin ''caesar''). However, most German words use for . In the

Kernowek Standard Kernowek Standard (KS, ''Standard Cornish''), its initial version spelt Kernowak Standard, is a variety of the spelling of revived Cornish. It has two specifications, the first of which was published as a draft proposal in March 2007, and the s ...

orthography of Cornish, it represents , mostly in loanwords from English such as ''paint''. is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in French for , as in ''aînesse'' or ''maître'' . is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in

for . It has, thus, the same value as , but the latter is much more common. is used in

for at the end of a word, before a consonant, and before a vowel; and in French for ( before a vowel). is used in

for a stressed before a consonant. is used in many languages to write a

nasal vowel A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the soft palate (or velum) so that the air flow escapes through the nose and the mouth simultaneously, as in the French vowel or Amoy []. By contrast, oral vowels are produced with ...

. In

it is used for before a consonant, in French it represents , and in many

West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali ...

n languages it represents . In Breton this digraph represents . is used in

for a stressed before a consonant. is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written . is used in Walloon, for the nasal vowel . is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel is used in the Irish for or , depending on dialect, between broad consonants. In French, it is found in a few words such as ''paonne'' representing . In Malagasy, it represents , and in Piedmontese, . In Wymysorys, it represents (also spelt ). In

Mandarin Mandarin or The Mandarin may refer to: Language * Mandarin Chinese, branch of Chinese originally spoken in northern parts of the country ** Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Mandarin, the official language of China ** Taiwanese Mandarin, Stand ...

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese f ...

, this is used to represent . is used in

for . is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel . in English is a result of various linguistic changes from Middle English, having shifted from to . In a number of dialects, this has merged with . It occasionally represents the diphthong , as in ''flautist''. Other pronunciations are in North American English ''aunt'' and ''laugh'', in ''gauge'', as in ''gauche'' and ''chauffeur'', and as in '' meerschaum'' and ''restaurant''. Due to historical reasons, this is used to transcribe in several Romanizations of Wu Chinese. In German and

, it is used for the diphthongs and respectively ( in some northern and in some southern Dutch and some Flemish dialects). In French, represents or sometimes . It most frequently appears in the inflectional ending marking plurals of certain kinds of words like ''cheval'' ('horse') or ''canal'' ('channel'), respectively having a plural in ''chevaux'' and ''canaux''. In Icelandic, it represents . In the

orthography of Cornish, stands for long or short , as in ''caul'' ('cabbage') or ''dauncya'' ('to dance'). is used in German for the diphthong in declension of native words with ''au''; elsewhere, is written as . In words where ä, u is separated in two syllables, mostly of Latin origin, is pronounced as , as in '' Matthäus'' (one German form for ''

Matthew Matthew may refer to: * Matthew (given name) * Matthew (surname) * ''Matthew'' (ship), the replica of the ship sailed by John Cabot in 1497 * ''Matthew'' (album), a 2000 album by rapper Kool Keith * Matthew (elm cultivar), a cultivar of the C ...

''). was used in French but has been replaced by the trigraph eau. is used in English in ways that parallel English , though it appears more often at the end of a word. In Cornish, represents the diphthong or . In Welsh, represents the diphthong . is used in English in ways that parallel English , though it appears more often at the end of a word. Unlike , functions almost the same as (the sound in ''key'') at the end of variant spellings of names like ''Lindsay'' and ''Ramsay''. In French, it is usually used to represent /ɛj/ before a vowel (as in ''ayant'') and /ɛ.i/ before a consonant (as in ''pays''). In Cornish, represents the sounds , , , or . (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long a', historically but now most commonly realised as . is used to notate in

Hokkien The Hokkien () variety of Chinese is a Southern Min language native to and originating from the Minnan region, where it is widely spoken in the south-eastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China. It is one of the national languages ...

Pe̍h-ōe-jī.

B

is used in

for in languages such as Yi, where ''b'' stands for . In Hungarian, it represents geminated . In English, doubling a letter indicates that the previous vowel is short (so ''bb'' represents ). In ISO romanized

Korean Korean may refer to: People and culture * Koreans, ethnic group originating in the Korean Peninsula * Korean cuisine * Korean culture * Korean language **Korean alphabet, known as Hangul or Chosŏn'gŭl **Korean dialects and the Jeju language * ...

, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; an example is hobbang. In Hadza it is the rare ejective . In several African languages it is implosive . In Cypriot Arabic it is . is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''bdellatomy.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''abdicate.'' is used in Bavarian and several

African languages The languages of Africa are divided into several major language families: * Niger–Congo or perhaps Atlantic–Congo languages (includes Bantu and non-Bantu, and possibly Mande and others) are spoken in West, Central, Southeast and South ...

for the . is used in transcriptions of

Indo-Aryan language The Indo-Aryan languages (or sometimes Indic languages) are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family. As of the early 21st century, they have more than 800 million speakers, primarily concentrated in India, ...

s for a murmured

voiced bilabial plosive The voiced bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b. The voiced bilabial stop ...

(), and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar

prevoiced Prevoicing, in phonetics, is voicing before the onset of a consonant or beginning with the onset of the consonant but ending before its release. In the extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for speech pathology, prevoicing is transcrib ...

aspirated plosive . In Irish, it stands for the

phoneme In phonology and linguistics, a phoneme () is a unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another in a particular language. For example, in most dialects of English, with the notable exception of the West Midlands and the north-w ...

s and , word-initially as the lenition of for example ('my boat'), ('would be'). In the orthography used in Guinea before 1985, was used in Pular (a

Fula language Fula ,Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh also known as Fulani or Fulah (, , ; Adlam: , , ), is a Senegambian language spoken by around 30 million people as a set of various dialects in a continuum that str ...

) for the

voiced bilabial implosive A voiced bilabial implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is b_<. Features Features of the ...

, whereas in Xhosa, Zulu, and Shona, represents the implosive and represents the plosive . In some orthographies of Dan, is and is . is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''mabm'' ('mother') or ''hebma'' ('this'). is used in Sandawe and romanized Thai for , and in Irish it represents as the eclipsis of . is used in the

General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages The General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages is an orthographic system created in the late 1970s for all Cameroonian languages. Consonant and vowel letters are not to contain diacritics, though is a temporary exception. The alphabet is not used suf ...

for the

voiced labiodental affricate The voiced labiodental affricate ( in IPA) is a rare affricate consonant that is initiated as a voiced labiodental stop and released as a voiced labiodental fricative . Features Features of the voiced labiodental affricate: *There are tw ...

. is used in Shona for a

whistled sibilant Sibilants are fricative consonants of higher amplitude and pitch, made by directing a stream of air with the tongue towards the teeth. Examples of sibilants are the consonants at the beginning of the English words ''sip'', ''zip'', ''ship'', and ...

cluster .

C

is used in Andean Spanish for loanwords from Quechua or

Aymara Aymara may refer to: Languages and people * Aymaran languages, the second most widespread Andean language ** Aymara language, the main language within that family ** Central Aymara, the other surviving branch of the Aymara(n) family, which today ...

with , as in ''Ccozcco'' (modern ''Qusqu)'' ('

Cuzco Cusco, often spelled Cuzco (; qu, Qusqu ()), is a city in Southeastern Peru near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province. The city is the seventh most populous in Peru; ...

'). In many European languages, before

front vowel A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would othe ...

s represents a sequence such as , e.g. English ''success'', French ''occire'', Spanish ''accidente'' (dialectally or ); this is not the case of Italian, where a before a

represents a geminated , as in ''lacci'' . In Piedmontese and Lombard, represents the sound at the end of a word. In Hadza it is the glottalized click . In English internet slang, can sometimes replace the letters or at the ends of words, such as with ''thicc'', ''protecc'', ''succ'' and ''phucc''. was used for or in Old English (''ecg'' in Old E and nglish sounded like 'edge' in Modern English, while ''frocga'' sounded like 'froga'), where both are long consonants. It is used for the click in Naro, and in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the

voiceless dental click The voiceless or more precisely tenuis dental click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The Doke/Beach convention, ado ...

. is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , , , or . See article. is used in Manx for , as a distinction from which is used for . is used in Romani and the Chechen Latin alphabet for . In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for . is used in the Italian for before the non-front vowel letters . In English, it usually represents whenever it precedes any vowel other than . In

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles, people from Poland or of Polish descent * Polish chicken *Polish brothers (Mark Polish and Michael Polish, born 1970), American twin scree ...

, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ć appearing in other situations. In Romanian, it represents . The digraph is found at the end of a word (deci, atunci, copaci) or before the letters a, o, or u (ciorba, ciuleandra); the sound made by the letter c in front of the letters e or i becomes in front of the three aforementioned vowels, making the addition of the letter i necessary. is used in Friulian for such as in words ''cjocolate'' . It's also used in local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨cl⟩. is used in many

Germanic languages The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, ...

in lieu of or to indicate either a geminated , or a with a preceding (historically)

short vowel In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, ...

. The latter is the case with English ''tack'', ''deck'', ''pick'', ''lock'', and ''buck'' (compare ''backer'' with ''baker''). In German, indicates that the preceding vowel is short. Prior to the

German spelling reform of 1996 The German orthography reform of 1996 (') was a change to German spelling and punctuation that was intended to simplify German orthography and thus to make it easier to learn, without substantially changing the rules familiar to users of the lang ...

, it was replaced by for syllabification. The new spelling rules allow only syllabification of the as a whole: :*Old spelling: ''Säcke'': ''Säk-ke'' ('sacks') :*New spelling: ''Säcke'': ''Sä-cke'' :Among the modern Germanic languages, is used mainly in Alsatian, English, German,

Luxembourgish Luxembourgish ( ; also ''Luxemburgish'', ''Luxembourgian'', ''Letzebu(e)rgesch''; Luxembourgish: ) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg. About 400,000 people speak Luxembourgish worldwide. As a standard form of ...

, Scots, Swedish, and other

West Germanic languages The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages). The West Germanic branch is classically subdivided int ...

Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populou ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

. Similarly, is used for the same purpose in

Afrikaans Afrikaans (, ) is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular of Holland proper (i.e., the Hollandic dialect) used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and their enslaved people. Afrikaans gra ...

, Danish,

, Icelandic, Norwegian, and other West Germanic languages in the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Neth ...

and

Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to the ...

. Compare the word ''nickel'', which is the same in many of these languages except for the customary or spelling. The word is ''

nickel Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow to ...

'' in English and Swedish, ''

Nickel Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel is a hard and ductile transition metal. Pure nickel is chemically reactive but large pieces are slow to ...

'' in German, and '' nikkel'' in Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, Icelandic and Norwegian. :It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the

(equivalent to ). :It is also used in Cornish for at the end of a syllable after a short vowel; only in loanwords (mostly from English) in the

Standard Written Form The Standard Written Form or SWF ( kw, Furv Skrifys Savonek) of the Cornish language is an orthography standard that is designed to "provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthograp ...

(SWF), more widely in

. is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''

cnidarian Cnidaria () is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic animals found both in freshwater and marine environments, predominantly the latter. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that th ...

.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''acne.'' is used in Seri for a labialized velar plosive, . It is placed between and in

alphabetical order Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is ...

. is used in the

for . is used in the Hungarian for a

voiceless postalveolar affricate The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with , (former ...

, . It is considered a distinct letter, named ''csé'', and is placed between and in

. Examples of words with cs include ''csak'' ('only'), ''csésze'' ('cup'), ''cső'' ('pipe'), ''csípős'' ('peppery'). is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''ctenoid.'' When not initial, it represents , as in ''act''. is used in languages such as

Nahuatl Nahuatl (; ), Aztec, or Mexicano is a language or, by some definitions, a group of languages of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Varieties of Nahuatl are spoken by about Nahua peoples, most of whom live mainly in Central Mexico and have small ...

(that is, based on Spanish or

Portuguese orthography Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes. The diaeresis w ...

) for . In Nahuatl, is used before a vowel, whereas is used after a vowel. is used in modern scholarly editions of Old English for the sound , which was spelled , or in manuscripts. In Middle English these were all replaced by Latin . is used in

Esperanto Esperanto ( or ) is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by the Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international commun ...

as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents . is used in

for as in ('hello'). In Kashubian, represents . In French and Catalan, historical contracted to the ligature , and represents the sound . In Hungarian, it was formerly used for the sound , which is now written .

D

is used in Naro for the click , and in Juǀʼhoan for the

prevoiced ejective In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some l ...

. is used in English to indicate a with a preceding (historically) short vowel (e.g. ''jaded'' has a "long a" while ''ladder'' has a "short a"). In Welsh, represents a

voiced dental fricative The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the ''th'' sound in ''father''. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old En ...

. It is treated as a distinct letter, named ''èdd'', and placed between and in

. In the ISO romanization of

, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled ; examples are '' ddeokbokki'' and '' bindaeddeok''. In Basque, it represents a voiced palatal plosive , as in ''onddo'', ('mushroom'). In several African languages it is implosive . Latin delta (ẟ, lowercase only) is represented by "dd" in

Modern Welsh The history of the Welsh language ( Welsh: ''Hanes yr iaith Gymraeg'') spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. Origins Welsh evolved from British, the ...

. is used in English for in certain contexts, such as with ''judgement'' and ''hedge'' is used in the Albanian, Swahili, and revived Cornish for the

. The first examples of this digraph are from the

Oaths of Strasbourg The Oaths of Strasbourg were a military pact made on 14 February 842 by Charles the Bald and Louis the German against their older brother Lothair I, the designated heir of Louis the Pious, the successor of Charlemagne. One year later the Treat ...

, the earliest French text, where it denotes the same sound developed mainly from intervocalic Latin -''t''-. In early traditional Cornish (

yogh The letter yogh (ȝogh) ( ; Scots: ; Middle English: ) was used in Middle English and Older Scots, representing ''y'' () and various velar phonemes. It was derived from the Insular form of the letter ''g''. In Middle English writing, taile ...

), and later , were used for this purpose.

Edward Lhuyd Edward Lhuyd FRS (; occasionally written Llwyd in line with modern Welsh orthography, 1660 – 30 June 1709) was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, linguist, geographer and antiquary. He is also named in a Latinate form as Eduardus Luidius. Life ...

is credited for introducing the grapheme to Cornish orthography in 1707 in his ''Archaeologia Britannica''. In Irish it represents the

voiced velar fricative The voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in Modern English but existed in Old English. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , ...

or the

voiced palatal approximant The voiced palatal approximant, or yod, is a type of consonant used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j, and in the Americanist phonetic ...

; at the beginning of a word it shows the

lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...

of , for example ''mo dhoras'' ('my door' cf. ''doras'' 'door'). :In the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, was used for the

voiced alveolar implosive The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . The IPA symbol is lowercase letter ''d'' with a rightward hook protru ...

in Pular. It is currently written . In the orthography of Shona it is the opposite: represents , and . In the

transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Australian Aboriginal languages had been purely spoken languages, and had no writing system. On their arrival, Latin script became a standard for transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages, but the details ...

, represents a dental stop, . :In addition, is used in various romanization systems. In transcriptions of

s, for example, it represents the murmured

voiced dental plosive The voiced alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (or stops) are types of consonantal sounds used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar p ...

, and for equivalent sounds in other languages. In Juǀʼhoan, it's used for the similar

aspirated plosive . In the

romanization of Arabic The romanization of Arabic is the systematic rendering of written and spoken Arabic in the Latin script. Romanized Arabic is used for various purposes, among them transcription of names and titles, cataloging Arabic language works, language ...

, it denotes , which represents in

Modern Standard Arabic Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA), terms used mostly by linguists, is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; occasionally, it also re ...

. is used in Faroese, French and many French-based orthographies for . In the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or ; this sound is also written , , , or . It is also formerly used in Indonesian as . is used in

Hmong Hmong may refer to: * Hmong people, an ethnic group living mainly in Southwest China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand * Hmong cuisine * Hmong customs and culture ** Hmong music ** Hmong textile art * Hmong language, a continuum of closely related t ...

’s

Romanized Popular Alphabet The Romanized Popular Alphabet (RPA) or Hmong RPA (also Roman Popular Alphabet), is a system of romanization for the various dialects of the Hmong language. Created in Laos between 1951 and 1953 by a group of missionaries and Hmong advisers, it has ...

for . In

Navajo The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native Americans in the United States, Native American people of the Southwestern United States. With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest fe ...

, it represents , and in Xhosa it represents . In Hadza it is ejective . is used in

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

for (in Alaska, is used instead). is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and nasally released . is used in Yélî Dnye for nasally released . In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''pedn'' ('head') or ''pednow'' ('heads'). is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated . is used for the click in Naro. is used in Malagasy for . See . It is used in Fijian for 'ndr' nasalized (). is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

. is used in German, Swedish, and Sandawe orthography as well as the romanization of Thai for . In Irish it represents as the eclipsis of . is used in the

for the

voiced dental affricate A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several typ ...

. is used in some

Zapotecan languages The Zapotecan languages are a group of related Oto-Manguean languages which descend from the common proto-Zapotecan language spoken by the Zapotec people during the era of the dominance of Monte Albán. The Zapotecan language group contains th ...

for a

voiced postalveolar fricative A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses term ''voiced postalveolar fricative'' only for the sound , but it also describes the voiced postalveol ...

. (It is placed between and in

.) In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the

uvularized plosive . is used in Xhosa for . In Shona, it represents . In

Tagalog Tagalog may refer to: Language * Tagalog language, a language spoken in the Philippines ** Old Tagalog, an archaic form of the language ** Batangas Tagalog, a dialect of the language * Tagalog script, the writing system historically used for Ta ...

it is used for . In the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop such as or . This sound is also written , , , , or . is used in several languages, often to represent . See article. is used in the

and Sorbian alphabets for , the voiced alveolo-palatal affricate, as in ''dźwięk'' . is never written before a

vowel A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract. Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant. Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (l ...

( is used instead, as in ''dziecko'' 'child'). is used in the

for a

voiced retroflex affricate The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , sometimes simplified to or . It occurs in such languages a ...

(e.g. 'jam'). is used in

Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian () – also called Serbo-Croat (), Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia a ...

, Slovak, Lithuanian, and Latvian to represent . See article.

E

is used in Taa, where it represents the glottalised or creaky vowel . is used in many

s. In English, usually represents the monophthong as in ''meat''; due to a

sound change A sound change, in historical linguistics, is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic cha ...

that happened in Middle English, it also often represents the vowel as in ''sweat''. Rare pronunciations occur, like in ''break'', ''great'', ''steak'', and ''yea'', and in the archaic ''

ealdorman Ealdorman (, ) was a term in Anglo-Saxon England which originally applied to a man of high status, including some of royal birth, whose authority was independent of the king. It evolved in meaning and in the eighth century was sometimes applied ...

''. When followed by r, it can represent the standard outcomes of the previously mentioned three vowels in this environment: as in ''beard'', as in ''heard'', and as in ''bear'', respectively; as another exception, occurs in the words ''hearken'', ''heart'' and ''hearth''. It often represents two independent vowels, like (''seance''), (''reality''), (''create''), and or (''lineage''). Unstressed, it may represent (''ocean'') and or (''Eleanor''). In Romanian, it represents the diphthong as in ''beată'' ('drunk female'). In Irish, represents between a slender and a broad consonant. In

Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...

, it represents the diphthong . is also the transliteration of the rune of the

Anglo-Frisian Futhorc Anglo-Saxon runes ( ang, rūna ᚱᚢᚾᚪ) are runes used by the early Anglo-Saxons as an alphabet in their writing system. The characters are known collectively as the futhorc (ᚠᚢᚦᚩᚱᚳ ''fuþorc'') from the Old English sound va ...

. is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. represents a long mid vowel in a number of languages. In English, represents as in ''teen''. In

and German, represents (though it is pronounced in majority of northern Dutch dialects). In the

Cantonese Romanisation Cantonese ( zh, t=廣東話, s=广东话, first=t, cy=Gwóngdūng wá) is a language within the Chinese (Sinitic) branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages originating from the city of Guangzhou (historically known as Canton) and its surrounding are ...

, it represents as in English, or for characters which might be pronounced as in other dialects. In Bouyei, is used for plain , as stands for . is used in Taa for the murmured vowel . In the Wade-Giles transliteration of

Mandarin Chinese Mandarin (; ) is a group of Chinese (Sinitic) dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China. The group includes the Beijing dialect, the basis of the phonology of Standard Chinese, the official language o ...

, it is used for after a consonant, as in ''yeh'' . In German, represents , as in ''Reh''. This digraph was taken over from

Middle High German Middle High German (MHG; german: Mittelhochdeutsch (Mhd.)) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages. It is conventionally dated between 1050 and 1350, developing from Old High German and into Early New High German. H ...

, where it represented . It usually represents a

. In

Modern German New High German (NHG; german: Neuhochdeutsch (Nhd.)) is the term used for the most recent period in the history of the German language, starting in the 17th century. It is a loan translation of the German (). The most important characteristic o ...

, is predominant in representing , as in ''Einstein'', while the equivalent digraph appears in only a few words. In English, can represent many sounds, including , as in ''vein'', as in ''seize'', as in ''heist'', as in ''heifer'', as in ''enceinte'', and or as in ''forfeit''. See also I before e except after c. In southern and western Faroese dialects, it represents the diphthong , while in northern and eastern dialects, it represents the diphthong . In

, represents in Greater Lisbon, so do and , but or in Brazil, East Timor, Macau, rest of Portugal, and Portuguese-speaking African countries, In Welsh, represents . In Irish and

Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic ( gd, Gàidhlig ), also known as Scots Gaelic and Gaelic, is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family) native to the Gaels of Scotland. As a Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well ...

, it represents before a slender consonant. In

and

, represents . In French, represents , as in ''seiche''. is used In Hepburn romanization of the

Japanese language is spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan, the only country where it is the national language. Japanese belongs to the Japonic or Japanese- Ryukyuan language family. There have been ...

to transcribe the sound . is used in French for , as in ''reître'' . is used in Irish for between slender consonants. is used in Swedish in some short words, such as ''leja'' or ''nej'' . is used in

for at the end of a word and before a consonant. In French orthography, it can represent /ɑ̃/. is used in

for at the end of a word. is used in

for at the end of a word and before a consonant. is used in

for at the end of a word followed or not by an as in ''hífen'' or ''hifens''; and for before a consonant within a word. In French, it represents or . is used in

for before a consonant. is used in

for before a consonant. is used in Irish for ( in 4 words) between a slender and a broad consonant. In the

romanization of

, it represents , an allophone of , while in the

, it represents . In the

, represents the

open-mid back unrounded vowel The open-mid back unrounded vowel or low-mid back unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , graphically a rotated lowercase "v" ...

, and in Piedmontese it is . In English is a rare digraph without a single pronunciation, representing in '' feoff'', ''jeopardy'', ''leopard'' and the given name ''Geoffrey'', in ''people'', in ''

yeoman Yeoman is a noun originally referring either to one who owns and cultivates land or to the middle ranks of servants in an English royal or noble household. The term was first documented in mid-14th-century England. The 14th century also witn ...

'' and in the archaic '' feodary'', while in the originally Gaelic name MacLeod it represents . However, usually it represents two vowels, like in ''leotard'' and ''galleon'', in ''stereo'' and, in ''

geodesy Geodesy ( ) is the Earth science of accurately measuring and understanding Earth's figure (geometric shape and size), orientation in space, and gravity. The field also incorporates studies of how these properties change over time and equival ...

'', and, uniquely, in '' geoduck''. is used in Taa for the pharyngealized vowel . is found in many

s, most commonly for the diphthong . Additionally, in English, represents as in ''neuter'' ( in yod-dropping accents); however, the ''eu'' in "maneuver/manoeuvre" always represents even in most non yod-dropping accents. In German, it represents as in ''Deutsch''; and in French,

, Breton, and Piedmontese, it represents . In Cornish, it represents either long and short or long and short . In

Yale romanization of Cantonese The Yale romanization of Cantonese was developed by Gerard P. Kok for his and Parker Po-fei Huang's textbook ''Speak Cantonese'' initially circulated in looseleaf form in 1952 but later published in 1958. Unlike the Yale romanization of Mandar ...

it represents , while in the

, it represents . In Wugniu romanization of

Wu Chinese The Wu languages (; Wu romanization and IPA: ''wu6 gniu6'' [] (Shanghainese), ''ng2 gniu6'' [] (Suzhounese), Mandarin pinyin and IPA: ''Wúyǔ'' []) is a major group of Sinitic languages spoken primarily in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Zhejiang Provin ...

, it represents sounds ranging from to , depending on the lect. In Sundanese and Acehnese, it represents as in ''beureum'' ('red'). In the

, it represents . is used in French for , as in ''jeûne'' . is used in English for as in ''few'' and ''flew''. An exception is the pronunciation in ''sew'', leading to the heteronym ''sewer'',(, 'drain') vs ''sewer'' (, 'one who sews'). In Cornish, it stands for . is used in the

orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written . is used in English for a variety of sounds, including in ''they'', in ''key'', and in ''geyser''. In Faroese, it represents the diphthong . In Cornish, it represents the diphthong or . (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long e', historically but now most commonly realised as . is used for in

Pe̍h-ōe-jī.

F

which may be written as the single unit: ﬀ, is used in English and Cornish for the same sound as single , . The doubling is used to indicate that the preceding vowel is (historically) short, or for

etymological Etymology ()The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the study of the class in words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time". is the study of the history of the form of words and ...

reasons, in

latinism A Latinism (from lat-med, Latinismus) is a word, idiom, or structure in a language other than Latin that is derived from, or suggestive of, the Latin language. The Term ''Latinism'' refers to those loan words that are borrowed into another lan ...

s. Very rarely, may be found word-initially in English, such as in proper names (e.g., Rose ffrench, Jasper Fforde). In Welsh, represents , while represents . In Welsh, is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in

. In medieval Breton, vowel nasalisation was represented by a following . This notation was reformed during the 18th century, though proper names retain the former convention, which leads to occasional mispronunciation. For ﬀ as a single unit see:

Typographic ligature In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph. Examples are the characters æ and œ used in English and French, in which the letters 'a' and 'e' are joined for the first ...

and Unicode FB00 (U+FB00) in

Latin script in Unicode Over a thousand characters from the Latin script are encoded in the Unicode Standard, grouped in several basic and extended Latin blocks. The extended ranges contain mainly precomposed letters plus diacritics that are equivalently encoded with c ...

and

Unicode equivalence Unicode equivalence is the specification by the Unicode character encoding standard that some sequences of code points represent essentially the same character. This feature was introduced in the standard to allow compatibility with preexisting ...

is used in Irish and

for the

of . This happens to be silent, so that in Gaelic corresponds to no sound at all. For example, the Irish phrase ('how long') is pronounced , where is the lenited form of ('long'). in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

G

is used in Uzbek to represent . is used in some

for a

voiced labial-velar plosive Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants). Speech sounds can be described as either voiceless (otherwise known as ''unvoiced'') or voiced. The term, however, is used to refer ...

, . is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . In Irish, it indicates the eclipsis of and represents . is used in French for before as in ''geôle'' . is used in English for before , and (exampleː ''doggy''). It is also used in

for in languages such as Yi. In Central Alaskan Yup'ik, it represents . In Greenlandic , it represents . In the ISO romanization of

, it is used for the fortis sound , otherwise spelled (e.g. '' ggakdugi''). In Hadza it is ejective . In Italian, before a

represents a geminated , as in ''legge'' . In Piedmontese and Lombard, is an etymological spelling representing an at the end of a word which is the unvoicing of an ancient . is used in several languages. In English, it can be silent or represent or . See article. is used in Vietnamese for in northern dialects and in the southern ones. In Italian, it represents before the non-front vowel letters . is used in Albanian for the voiced palatal plosive , though for

Gheg Gheg (also spelled Geg; Gheg Albanian: ''gegnishtja'', Standard sq, gegërishtja) is one of the two major varieties of Albanian, the other being Tosk. The geographic dividing line between the two varieties is the Shkumbin River, which winds i ...

speakers it represents . In the Arbëresh dialect, it represents the

voiced velar plosive The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. Some languages have the voiced pre-velar plosive, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototyp ...

. In Norwegian and Swedish represents in words like ''gjorde'' ('did'). In Faroese, it represents . It is also used in the

Romanization of Macedonian The romanization of Macedonian is the transliteration of text in Macedonian from the Macedonian Cyrillic alphabet into the Latin alphabet. Romanization can be used for various purposes, such as rendering of proper names in foreign contexts, or fo ...

as a Latin equivalent of

Cyrillic The Cyrillic script ( ), Slavonic script or the Slavic script, is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic, Uralic, Caucasian and Iranic-speaking cou ...

. Also, it's used in Friulian to represent (whilst is one of the pronunciations of the letter ⟨z⟩). It can be found in some local orthographies of Lombard to represent derived from Latin ⟨gl⟩. Before the letter Đ was introduced into

Gaj's Latin alphabet Gaj's Latin alphabet ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Gajeva latinica, separator=" / ", Гајева латиница}, ), also known as ( sh-Cyrl, абецеда, ) or ( sh-Cyrl, гајица, link=no, ), is the form of the Latin script used for writing Ser ...

in 1878, the digraph ⟨gj⟩ had been used instead; and it remained in use till the beginning of the 20th century. is used in Sandawe and the romanization of Thai for ; in

Limburgish Limburgish ( li, Limburgs or ; nl, Limburgs ; german: Limburgisch ; french: Limbourgeois ), also called Limburgan, Limburgian, or Limburgic, is a West Germanic language spoken in the Dutch and Belgian provinces of Limburg and in the neig ...

it represents . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph γ κ for , as γ is used for ~ . is used in Italian and some African languages for . is used in English for in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''phlegm'' and ''paradigm.'' Between vowels, it simply represents , as in ''paradigmatic.'' is used in

, where it represented in the classical period. Latin

velar Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the velum). Since the velar region of the roof of the mouth is relatively extensive a ...

- coronal sequences like this (and also ) underwent a palatal mutation to varying degrees in most

Italo-Western Italo-Western is, in some classifications, the largest branch of the Romance languages. It comprises two of the branches of Romance languages: Italo-Dalmatian and Western Romance. It excludes the Sardinian language and Eastern Romance. Italo ...

Romance languages The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...

. For most languages that preserve the spelling (such as Italian and French), it represents a

palatal nasal The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase letter ''n'' with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bott ...

, and is similarly used in

Romanization Romanization or romanisation, in linguistics, is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, ...

schemes such as Wugniu for . This was not the case in Dalmatian and the

Eastern Romance languages The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages. Today, the group consists of the Daco-Romance subgroup, which comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-R ...

where a different mutation changed the velar component to a

labial consonant Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator. The two common labial articulations are bilabials, articulated using both lips, and labiodentals, articulated with the lower lip against the upper teeth, b ...

as well as the spelling to . :In English, represents initially (see /gn/ reduction) and finally (i.e. ''gnome, gnu, benign, sign''). When it appears between two syllables, it represents (e.g. ''signal''). In Norwegian and Swedish, represents in monosyllabic words like ''agn'', and between two syllables, ''tegne''. Initially, it represents , e.g. Swedish ''gnista'' . was used in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific for . It is one of several variants of the digraph , and is preserved in the name of the town of Sagñay,

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

. is used in Piedmontese for . is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . In the

Taa language Taa , also known as ǃXóõ (also spelled ǃKhong and ǃXoon; ), is a Tuu language notable for its large number of phonemes, perhaps the largest in the world. It is also notable for having perhaps the heaviest functional load of click conson ...

, it represents . is used in Xhosa for . is used in English, Spanish, French,

and Catalan for before front vowels ( in English and French) where a "soft g" pronunciation (English ; Spanish ; French, Portuguese and Catalan ) would otherwise occur. In English, it can also be used to represent . In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it is used for . is used in Spanish and Catalan for before front vowels where the digraph would otherwise represent . is used for in

Standard Zhuang Standard Zhuang ( autonym: , , (pre-1982: ; Sawndip: ); ) is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages, which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages. Its pronunciation is based on that of the Yongbei Zhuang dialect of Shua ...

and in Bouyei. In the

it is used for the labialized fricative . is used in various languages for , and in Dene Suline it represents . , capital (or ), is used in

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

for (in Alaska); in Canada, this sound is represented by . is used in languages, such as Xhosa and Zulu, for the click . In

, it is an unofficial surrogate of , which represents . is used in Hungarian for a voiced palatal plosive . In Hungarian, the letter's name is ''gyé.'' It is considered a single letter, and

acronym An acronym is a word or name formed from the initial components of a longer name or phrase. Acronyms are usually formed from the initial letters of words, as in ''NATO'' (''North Atlantic Treaty Organization''), but sometimes use syllables, as ...

s keep the digraph intact. The letter appears frequently in Hungarian words, such as the word for "Hungarian" itself: ''magyar''. In the old orthography of Bouyei, it was used for . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

voiced alveolar click The voiced (post)alveolar click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferre ...

. is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

voiced dental click The voiced dental click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some ...

. is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

voiced lateral click The voiced lateral click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by som ...

. is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

voiced palatal click The voiced palatal click is a click consonant found among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or . Variations of the latter include and . Features Features of the ...

H

is used in Xhosa to write the murmured glottal fricative , though this is often written ''h.'' In the

Iraqw language Iraqw (;) is a Cushitic language spoken in Tanzania in the Arusha and Manyara Regions. It is expanding in numbers as the Iraqw people absorb neighbouring ethnic groups. The language has many Datooga loanwords, especially in poetic language. Th ...

, ''hh'' is the

voiceless epiglottal fricative The voiceless epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiceless epiglottal fricative,John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) ''The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences'', 2nd ed., p 695. is a type of consonantal sound, use ...

, and in

Chipewyan The Chipewyan ( , also called ''Denésoliné'' or ''Dënesųłı̨né'' or ''Dënë Sųłınë́'', meaning "the original/real people") are a Dene Indigenous Canadian people of the Athabaskan language family, whose ancestors are identified ...

it is a velar/uvular . In Esperanto orthography, it is an official surrogate of , which represents . is used in the Italian dialect of Albanian for . In Faroese, it represents either or , and in Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, it represents . In Icelandic it is used to denote . is used for or in various alphabets, such as the

used to write

() and Icelandic (). See also reduction of Old English /hl/. is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound . is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound . It is also used in Icelandic to denote the same phoneme. See also reduction of Old English /hn/. is used for in Bouyei. In Icelandic it is used for . See also reduction of Old English /hr/. is used in the Wade-Giles transcription of

for the sound , equivalent to

''x.'' is used primarily in the

Classical Nahuatl Classical Nahuatl (also known simply as Aztec or Nahuatl) is any of the variants of Nahuatl spoken in the Valley of Mexico and central Mexico as a ''lingua franca'' at the time of the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. During the ...

language, in which it represents the sound before a vowel; for example, ''Wikipedia'' in Nahuatl is written ''Huiquipedia''. After a vowel, is used. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, ''hu'' was used for , similar to French ''roi.'' The sequence ''hu'' is also found in Spanish words such as ''huevo'' or ''hueso;'' however, in Spanish this is not a digraph but a simple sequence of silent ''h'' and the vowel ''u.'' is used Faroese and Icelandic for (often ), generally in wh-words, but also in other words, such as Faroese ''hvonn''. In the

it is used for the supposed fricative . is used in modern editions of

for , originally spelled or (the latter with the

wynn Wynn or wyn (; also spelled wen, ƿynn, and ƿen) is a letter of the Old English alphabet, where it is used to represent the sound . History The letter "W" While the earliest Old English texts represent this phoneme with the digraph , ...

letter). In its descendants in modern English, it is now spelled (see there for more details). It is used in some orthographies of Cornish for . is used in

for in languages such as Yi ( alone represents the fricative ), and in Nambikwara it is a glottalized . In Esperanto orthography, it is an unofficial surrogate of , which represents . is used in Hepburn romanization of the

to transcribe the sound , which is the syllable ''hi'' before a ''y''-vowel, such as ''hya'', ''hyu'', and ''hyo'', which appear in Chinese loanwords.

I

is used in Taa to represent the glottalized or creaky vowel . is used in Irish for the diphthong . is used in English, where it usually represents the sound as in ''pries'' and ''allied'' or the sound as in ''priest'' and ''rallied''. Followed by an ''r'', these vowels follow the standard changes to and , as in ''brier'' and ''bier''. Unique pronunciations are in ''sieve'', in ''friend'' and in ''lingerie''. Unstressed it can represent , as in ''spaniel'' and ''conscience'', or or as in ''mischief'' and ''hurriedly''. It also can represent many vowel combinations, including in ''diet'' and ''client'', in ''diester'' and ''quiescent'', in ''alien'' and ''skier'', in ''oriental'' and ''hygienic'', and in British ''medieval''. :In

and

, represents the tense vowel . In German, it may represent the lengthened vowel as in ''Liebe'' (love) as well as the vowel combination as in ''Belgien'' (Belgium). In Latvian and Lithuanian, the is considered two letters for all purposes and represents , commonly (although less precisely) transcribed as . In Maltese, is a distinct letter and represents a long

close front unrounded vowel The close front unrounded vowel, or high front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound that occurs in most spoken languages, represented in the International Phonetic Alphabet by the symbol i. It is similar to the vowel sound in the English w ...

, or . In

it is used to write the vowel in languages such as Yi, where ''e'' stands for . In

was one of the common diphthongs, the umlauted version of "ea" and "eo". Its value is not entirely clear, and in Middle English it had become /e/. is used in

for . is used in Catalan for in the coda. , is used in Taa to represent the breathy or murmured vowel . It is also used in

Tongyong Pinyin Tongyong Pinyin () was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry ...

and Wade-Giles transcription for the fricative vowels of Mandarin Chinese, which are spelled ''i'' in

Hanyu Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese ...

. is used in many languages such as Finnish (example:Riikka, Niinistö, Siitala, Riikkeli), Italian (example:Riina), Estonian (example:Riik), Scots (example:Auld Nii, Iisay), with phonemic long vowels for . is used in

for . See article. is used in French for , historically , as in ''ail'' "garlic". is used in

for . is used in

for before a consonant. is used in many languages to write a

. In

before a consonant, and in many

n languages, it is , while in French it is . is used in

for before a consonant. is used in French to write a vowel sound that was once followed by a historical ''s'', as in ''vous vîntes'' "you came". is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel . is used in Irish for , , and between a slender and a broad consonant. is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. is used in Taa to represent the pharyngealized vowel . is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. In Mandarin

pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese f ...

, it is after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled ''you.'') is used in Irish for between a slender and a broad consonant. is used in Welsh and Cornish for the diphthong or . is used in Catalan for (Eastern Catalan) or (Western Catalan) after a vowel. (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long i', historically but now most commonly realised as .

J

is used in Walloon to write a consonant that is variously , or , depending on the dialect. In

Tongyong pinyin Tongyong Pinyin () was the official romanization of Mandarin in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008. The system was unofficially used between 2000 and 2002, when a new romanization system for Taiwan was being evaluated for adoption. Taiwan's Ministry ...

, it represents , written ''zh'' in standard pinyin. ''Jh'' is also the standard transliteration for the

Devanāgarī Devanagari ( ; , , Sanskrit pronunciation: ), also called Nagari (),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group, , page 83 is a left-to-right abugida (a type of segmental writing system), based on the ...

letter झ . In

, it is an official surrogate of , which represents . is used in

for in languages such as Yi. In romanized

, it represents the fortis sound . In Hadza it is ejective . is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized

velar fricative A velar fricative is a fricative consonant produced at the velar place of articulation. It is possible to distinguish the following kinds of velar fricatives: *Voiced velar fricative, a consonant sound written as in the International Phonetic Al ...

, . It is placed between J and L in

. is used in the

for . is used in

as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents .

K

is used for in southern African languages such as

Setswana Tswana, also known by its native name , and previously spelled Sechuana in English, is a Bantu language spoken in Southern Africa by about 8.2 million people. It belongs to the Bantu language family within the Sotho-Tswana branch of Zon ...

and Sotho. For instance, the Kalahari is spelled ''Kgalagadi'' in Setswana. , in transcriptions of Indo-Aryan and

Dravidian languages The Dravidian languages (or sometimes Dravidic) are a family of languages spoken by 250 million people, mainly in southern India, north-east Sri Lanka, and south-west Pakistan. Since the colonial era, there have been small but significant ...

, represents the aspirated

voiceless velar plosive The voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k. The sound is a very ...

(). For most other languages, it represents the

voiceless velar fricative The voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still be found in some dialects of English, most notably in Scottish English, e.g. in ''lo ...

, for example in transcriptions of the letter () in standard Arabic, standard Persian, and Urdu, Cyrillic '' Х'', ''х'' (kha), Spanish ''j'', as well as the Hebrew letter kaf () in instances when it is lenited. When used for transcription of the letter () in

Sephardic Hebrew Sephardi Hebrew (or Sepharadi Hebrew; he, עברית ספרדית, Ivrit S'faradít, lad, Hebreo Sefardíes) is the pronunciation system for Biblical Hebrew favored for liturgical use by Sephardi Jewish practice. Its phonology was influenced by ...

, it represents the

voiceless pharyngeal fricative The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is an h-bar, , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\. In the transc ...

. In Canadian

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

it represents , which in Alaska is written ''k.'' In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for . is used Swedish and Norwegian for or . See also . In Faroese, it represents . is used in romanized

for the fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective , and in Cypriot Arabic for . is used in Zulu to write a sound variously realized as or . is used in Yélî Dnye doubly articulated and nasally released . is used in English to write the word-initial sound ( formerly pronounced /kn/) in some words of Germanic origin, such as ''knee'' and ''knife.'' It is used in Yélî Dnye for nasally released . is used as a letter in some

, where it represents a

voiceless labial-velar plosive In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies ...

. is used in Xhosa for . is used in Cornish for either or . is used in Purépecha for . It also had that value in the Ossete Latin alphabet. is used for in some dialects of Zhuang. is used in various languages for the

labialized velar consonant A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a -like secondary articulation. Common examples are , which are pronounced like a , with rounded lips, such as the labialized voiceless velar plosive and labial ...

, and in Dene Suline (Chipewyan) for . Used informally in English for

phonemic spelling A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Natural languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographi ...

of '' qu'', as in '' kwik'' (from ''quick''), ultimately from

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...

. is used in Alaskan

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

for , which in Canada is written '' khw.'' in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized , and in Juǀʼhoan for the

ejective In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some ...

. is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . is used in

for , equivalent to Polish .

L

, in

Occitan Occitan may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania territory in parts of France, Italy, Monaco and Spain. * Something of, from, or related to the Occitania administrative region of France. * Occitan language, spoken in parts ...

, Gallo, and

, represents a

palatal lateral approximant The voiced palatal lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter (not to be confused with lower ...

. In many

Indigenous languages of the Americas Over a thousand indigenous languages are spoken by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. These languages cannot all be demonstrated to be related to each other and are classified into a hundred or so language families (including a large num ...

it represents a

voiceless alveolar lateral fricative The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , ...

. In the

it represents a dental lateral, . In the

Gwoyeu Romatzyh Gwoyeu Romatzyh (), abbreviated GR, is a system for writing Mandarin Chinese in the Latin alphabet. The system was conceived by Yuen Ren Chao and developed by a group of linguists including Chao and Lin Yutang from 1925 to 1926. Chao himself l ...

romanization of

, initial indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled . In

Middle Welsh Middle Welsh ( cy, Cymraeg Canol, wlm, Kymraec) is the label attached to the Welsh language of the 12th to 15th centuries, of which much more remains than for any earlier period. This form of Welsh developed directly from Old Welsh ( cy, Hen G ...

it was sometimes used to represent the sound as well as , in

modern Welsh The history of the Welsh language ( Welsh: ''Hanes yr iaith Gymraeg'') spans over 1400 years, encompassing the stages of the language known as Primitive Welsh, Old Welsh, Middle Welsh, and Modern Welsh. Origins Welsh evolved from British, the ...

it has been replaced by . In Tibetan, it represents the

voiceless alveolar lateral approximant The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is , a ...

, as in ''

Lhasa Lhasa (; Lhasa dialect: ; bo, text=ལྷ་ས, translation=Place of Gods) is the urban center of the prefecture-level Lhasa City and the administrative capital of Tibet Autonomous Region in Southwest China. The inner urban area of Lhasa ...

''. is a letter in some

Slavic language The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants. They are thought to descend from a proto-language called Proto-Slavic, spoken during the Ea ...

s, such as the Latin orthographies of

, where it represents a

. For example, the word ''ljiljan'' is pronounced .

Ljudevit Gaj Ljudevit Gaj (; born Ludwig Gay; hu, Gáj Lajos; 8 August 1809 – 20 April 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the central figures of the pan-Slavist Illyrian movement. Biography Origin He was born ...

first used the digraph in 1830; he devised it by analogy with a

digraph, which developed into the ligature . In Swedish it represents /j/ such as in Ljus. :The sound is written in Italian, in Castilian Spanish and Catalan as , in Portuguese as , in some Hungarian dialects as , and in Latvian as . In Czech and Slovak, it is often transcribed as ; it is used more frequently in the latter language. While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01C7 (Ǉ), U+01C8 (ǈ) and U+01C9 (ǉ), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Љљ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters. and are used in several languages. See article. is used in Asturian for a sound that was historically but which is now an affricate, . is used in the

for . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated . is used for in Arrernte. in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized . is used in Hungarian. See article.

M

, in many

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

languages Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

, represents or . It is used in Irish to indicate the eclipsis of and represents ; for example 'our boat' (cf. 'boat'). The Irish digraph is capitalized mB, for example 'in Dublin'. In English, ''mb'' represents when final, as in ''lamb'' (see reduction of /mb/). In

and in Bouyei, is used for . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized . , in many

, represents or . is used in

for in languages such as Yi, where the more common digraph is restricted to . It is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized . , in Irish, stands for the

of and represents or ; for example or 'my mother' (cf. 'mother'). In Welsh it stands for the nasal mutation of and represents the

voiceless In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies ...

; for example 'my head' (cf. 'head'). In both languages it is considered a sequence of the two letters and for purposes of alphabetization. In Shona, Juǀʼhoan and several other languages, it is used for a murmured . In the

romanization of

, initial ''mh-'' indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled ''m-.'' In several languages, such as Gogo, it's a voiceless . is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound . is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . It is used in Cornish for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ('mother') or ('this'). is used in English to write the word-initial sound in a few words of Greek origin, such as ''mnemonic.'' When final, it represents , as in ''damn'' or as in ''hymn'', and between vowels it represents /m/ as in ''damning'', or as in ''damnation'' (see /mn/-reduction). In French it represents , as in and . , in many

, represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph μ π for , as β is used for . In Mpumpong of

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the ...

, is a plain . is used in Juǀʼhoan for a pharyngealized or perhaps creaky . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and prenasalized . , in many

, represents or . is used for in Arrernte. is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

N

is used in Xhosa and Shona for . Since is not a letter in either language, is not technically a digraph. is used in

for in languages such as Yi. It is also used in Fula in Guinea for (written as mb in other countries). is used in various alphabets. In the

used to write

, it represents the sound . In Tharaka it is . In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click . , in many

, represents or , and capitalized . It is used in Irish for the eclipsis of , and represents , for example in ''ár ndoras'' "our door" (cf. ''doras'' "door"). In this function it is capitalized , e.g. ''i nDoire'' "in

Derry Derry, officially Londonderry (), is the second-largest city in Northern Ireland and the fifth-largest city on the island of Ireland. The name ''Derry'' is an anglicisation of the Old Irish name (modern Irish: ) meaning 'oak grove'. ...

". In

and in Bouyei, is used for . , equivalent to for or . In Rangi ''nf'' is while ''mf'' is . , in

Sino-Tibetan languages Sino-Tibetan, also cited as Trans-Himalayan in a few sources, is a family of more than 400 languages, second only to Indo-European in number of native speakers. The vast majority of these are the 1.3 billion native speakers of Chinese languages ...

, as in English and several other

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...

an and derived orthographies (for example Vietnamese), generally represents the

velar nasal The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ''ng'' in English ''sing'' as well as ''n'' before velar consonants as in ''Engl ...

. It is considered a single letter in many Austronesian languages (

Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the ...

, Tongan,

Gilbertese Gilbertese or taetae ni Kiribati, also Kiribati (sometimes ''Kiribatese''), is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Kiribati. It belongs to the Micronesian branch of the Oceanic languages. The word ''Kiribati'', the current name of the ...

, Tuvaluan, Indonesian, Chamorro), Welsh, and

Rheinische Dokumenta The Rheinische Dokumenta () is a phonetic writing system developed in the early 1980s by a working group of academics, linguists, local language experts, and local language speakers of the Rhineland. It was presented to the public in 1986 by the ...

, for

; and in some

( Lingala, Bambara, Wolof) for prenasalized (). :For the development of the pronunciation of this digraph in English, see NG-coalescence and G-dropping. : Finnish uses the digraph 'ng' to denote the phonemically long

in contrast to 'nk' , which is its "strong" form under

consonant gradation Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found in some Uralic languages, more specifically in the Finnic, Samic and Samoyedic branches. It originally arose as an allophonic alternation be ...

, a type of

. Weakening produces an archiphonemic "velar fricative", which, as a velar fricative does not exist in Standard Finnish, is assimilated to the preceding , producing . (No is involved at any point, despite the spelling 'ng'.) The digraph 'ng' is not an independent letter, but it is an exception to the

phonemic principle A phonemic orthography is an orthography (system for writing a language) in which the graphemes (written symbols) correspond to the phonemes (significant spoken sounds) of the language. Natural languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthograph ...

, one of the few in standard Finnish. :In Irish ''ng'' is used word-initially as the eclipsis of and represents , e.g. ''ár ngalar'' "our illness" (cf. ). In this function it is capitalized ''nG'', e.g. ''i'' nG''aillimh'' "in Galway". :In Tagalog and other

Philippine languages The Philippine languages or Philippinic are a proposed group by R. David Paul Zorc (1986) and Robert Blust (1991; 2005; 2019) that include all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi, Indonesia—except Sama–Bajaw (language ...

, ''ng'' represented the prenasalized sequence during the Spanish era. The velar nasal, , was written in a variety of ways, namely "n͠g", "ñg", "gñ" (as in Sagñay), and—after a vowel—at times "g̃". During the standardization of Tagalog in the early part of the 20th century, ''ng'' became used for the velar nasal , while prenasalized came to be written '' ngg.'' Furthermore, ''ng'' is also used for a common

genitive In grammar, the genitive case ( abbreviated ) is the grammatical case that marks a word, usually a noun, as modifying another word, also usually a noun—thus indicating an attributive relationship of one noun to the other noun. A genitive can ...

particle pronounced , to differentiate it from an adverbial particle ''nang.'' :In Uzbek, it is considered as a separate letter, being the last (twenty-ninth) letter of the Uzbek alphabet. It is followed by the

apostrophe The apostrophe ( or ) is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets. In English, the apostrophe is used for two basic purposes: * The marking of the omission of one ...

(''tutuq belgisi''). is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik to write the voiceless nasal sound . , or more precisely , was a digraph in several Spanish-derived orthographies of the Pacific, such as

and Chamorro, where it represented the sound , as opposed to ''ng'', which originally represented . An example is Chamorro ''agan͠gñáijon'' (modern ''agangñaihon)'' "to declare". Besides ''ñg'', variants of ''n͠g'' include ''gñ'' (as in Sagñay), ''ng̃'', and a ''g̃'', that is preceded by a vowel (but not a consonant). It has since been replaced by the trigraph or (see above). is used for in Swahili and languages with Swahili-based orthographies. Since is not a letter in Swahili, is technically a digraph, not a trigraph. is used in several languages. See article. in

, it usually represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ń appearing in other situations. (In some cases it may represent also before a vowel; for a better description, when, see the relevant section in the article on Polish orthography). is a letter in the Latin orthographies of Albanian,

, a Croat, first used this digraph in 1830. In all of these languages, it represents the

. For example, the Croatian and Serbian word ''konj'' (''horse'') is pronounced . The digraph was created in the 19th century by analogy with a digraph of

, which developed into the ligature . While there are dedicated Unicode codepoints, U+01CA (Ǌ), U+01CB (ǋ) and U+01CC (ǌ), these are included for backwards compatibility (with legacy encodings for Serbo-Croatian which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic Њњ) and modern texts use a sequence of Basic Latin characters. :In Faroese, it generally represents , although in some words it represent , like in ''banjo''. It is also used in some languages of

and

Oceania Oceania (, , ) is a geographical region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of and a population of around 44.5 million as ...

where it represents a prenazalized voiced postalveolar affricate or

fricative A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These may be the lower lip against the upper teeth, in the case of ; the back of the tongue against the soft palate in t ...

, or . In Malagasy, it represents . :Other letters and digraphs of the

used for spelling this sound are (in

), (in Czech and Slovakian), (in Spanish), (in

and

), (in Italian and French), and (in Hungarian, among others). is used in many

Bantu languages The Bantu languages (English: , Proto-Bantu: *bantʊ̀) are a large family of languages spoken by the Bantu people of Central, Southern, Eastern africa and Southeast Africa. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages. Th ...

like Lingala, Tshiluba, and

Kikongo Kongo or Kikongo is one of the Bantu languages spoken by the Kongo people living in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, Gabon and Angola. It is a tonal language. It was spoken by many of those who were taken from th ...

, for or . In the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it distinguishes a prenasalized velar stop, , from the nasal . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated . is used in Irish for the

Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic ( sga, Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ga, Sean-Ghaeilge; gd, Seann-Ghàidhlig; gv, Shenn Yernish or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive writt ...

" fortis sonorants" ("broad", i.e. non-palatalized or

) and ("slender", i.e. palatalized) in non-initial position. In modern Irish, the "broad" sound is , while the slender sound can be any of , , or , depending on dialect and position in the word. In Spanish historical has contracted to the ligature and represents the sound . In the

romanization of

, final ''-nn'' indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled ''-n.'' It is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . In Piedmontese, it is in the middle of a word, and at the end. In Cornish, it is used for an optionally pre-occluded ; that is, it is pronounced either or (in any position); (before a consonant or finally); or (before a vowel); examples are ''penn'' ('head') or ''pennow'' ('heads'). is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound . is used in various alphabets. In the

used to write

, it represents the sound . In Xhosa and Zulu it represents the click . In the

romanization of

, final ''-nq'' indicates a falling tone on a syllable ending in , which is otherwise spelled ''-ng.'' is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound . In the

it is . , in many

, represents or . is a letter present in many

where it represents or . Modern Greek uses the equivalent digraph ν τ for , as δ is used for . , equivalent to for or . is used in Igbo for , and in Arrernte for . is used for the click in Xhosa and Zulu, and in Nambikwara for a glottalized . is used in several languages for . See article. , in many

, represents ~ , ~ , ~ , or ~ . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the alveolar nasal click . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the dental nasal click . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the

lateral nasal click The lateral nasal click is a click consonant found primarily among the languages of southern Africa. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is or ; a symbol abandoned by the IPA but still preferred by some ...

. is used in Juǀʼhoan for the palatal nasal click . is used for medial in Piedmontese.

Ŋ

⟨ŋm⟩, a letter was used in Anii.

O

is used for and in Uzbek, with the preferred typographical form being (Cyrillic ). Technically it is not a digraph in Uzbek, since is not a letter of the Uzbek alphabet, but rather a typographic convention for a diacritic. In handwriting the letter is written as . It is also used in Taa, for the glottalized or creaky vowel . is used in English, where it commonly represents the sound as in ''road'', ''coal'', ''boast'', ''coaxing'', etc. In

Middle English Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English ...

, where the digraph originated, it represented , a pronunciation retained in the word ''broad'' and derivatives, and when the digraph is followed by an "r", as in ''soar'' and '' bezoar''. The letters also represent two vowels, as in ''koala'' , ''

boa Kwon Bo-ah (; born November 5, 1986), known professionally as BoA, is a South Korean singer, songwriter, dancer, record producer and actress. One of the most successful and influential Korean entertainers, she has been dubbed the " Queen of K- ...

s'' , ''

coaxial In geometry, coaxial means that several three-dimensional linear or planar forms share a common axis. The two-dimensional analog is ''concentric''. Common examples: A coaxial cable is a three-dimensional linear structure. It has a wire condu ...

'' , ''oasis'' , and ''doable'' . In Malagasy, it is occasionally used for . is found in many

s. In English, it represents the sound as in ''hoe'' and sometimes the sound as in ''shoe''. It may also represent the sound in

AmE #REDIRECT AME {{redirect category shell, {{R from other capitalisation{{R from ambiguous page ...

pronunciation of ''

Oedipus Oedipus (, ; grc-gre, Οἰδίπους "swollen foot") was a mythical Greek king of Thebes. A tragic hero in Greek mythology, Oedipus accidentally fulfilled a prophecy that he would end up killing his father and marrying his mother, thereb ...

'', ''(o)esophagus'' (also in BrE), and ''(o)estrogen'', in ''boehmite'' (AmE) and surnames like '' Boehner'' and '' Groening'' (as if spelled ''Bayner'' and ''Gray/Greyning'' respectively), and in ''foetus'' (BrE and CoE) and some speakers' pronunciation of ''Oedipus'' and ''oestrogen''.

and

''oe'' is , as in ''doen''; it also represented the same phoneme in the

Indonesian language Indonesian ( ) is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia i ...

before the 1972 spelling reform. Ligatured to in French, it stands for the vowels (as in ) and (as in ). It is an alternative way to write or in German or Scandinavian languages when this character is unavailable. In

Cantonese Pinyin Cantonese Pinyin (, also known as ) is a romanization system for Cantonese developed by the Rev. Yu Ping Chiu (余秉昭) in 1971, and subsequently modified by the Education Department (merged into the Education and Manpower Bureau since 2003) ...

it represents the vowel , while in the

romanisation of

it represents , and in Zhuang it is used for ( is used for ). In Piedmontese, it is . In the

Kernewek Kemmyn Kernewek Kemmyn (Common Cornish or "KK") is a variety of the revived Cornish language. Kernewek Kemmyn was developed, mainly by Ken George in 1986, based upon George's earlier doctoral thesis on the phonological history of Cornish. It takes muc ...

orthography of Cornish, it is used for a phoneme which is long, mid-length, and short. is used in French to write the vowel sound in a few words before what had historically been an ''s'', mostly in words derived from ' "stove". The diacriticless variant, , rarely represents this sound except in words related to ' (rarely spelt ). is used in

for the vowel . is used in

for . It is used in plural forms of some words ended in , such as '' anão–anões'' and '' campeão–campeões.'' is used in Taa, for the breathy or murmured vowel . is used in various

s. In English, ''oi'' represents the sound as in ''coin'' and ''join''. In French, it represents , which was historically – and still is in some cases – written "oy." In Irish it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In Piedmontese, it is . is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in French to write before what had historically been an ''s'', as in ''boîtier'' or ''cloître.'' is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in Piedmontese for . is used in

for , and in French to write . is used in

Brazilian Portuguese Brazilian Portuguese (' ), also Portuguese of Brazil (', ) or South American Portuguese (') is the set of varieties of the Portuguese language native to Brazil and the most influential form of Portuguese worldwide. It is spoken by almost all ...

for before a consonant. is used in

for before a consonant, and in French to write . is used in

for before a consonant. is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . It is alternately written oin. is used in many

s. In English, ''oo'' commonly represents sounds which historically descend from the Middle English pronunciation . After the

, this came to typically represent as in "m''oo''n" and "f''oo''d". Subsequently, in a handful of common words like "g''oo''d" and "fl''oo''d" the vowel was shortened to /u/, and after the Middle English – split, these became and respectively. Like in

, the digraph's pronunciation is in most other languages. In German and

, the digraph represents . In Cornish, it represents either or . Is used in Taa,for the pharyngealized vowel . , in Daighi tongiong pingim, represents

mid central vowel The mid central vowel (also known as schwa) is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a rotated lowercase letter e. While the ''Handbook of t ...

close-mid back rounded vowel The close-mid back rounded vowel, or high-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is . Close-mid back protruded vowel The cl ...

Taiwanese Hokkien Taiwanese Hokkien () (; Tâi-lô: ''Tâi-uân-uē''), also known as Taigi/Taigu (; Pe̍h-ōe-jī/ Tâi-lô: ''Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú''), Taiwanese, Taiwanese Minnan, Hoklo and Holo, is a variety of the Hokkien language spoken natively by about ...

.董峰政, "Taiwanese Tong-iong Pingim Dictionary", 臺南市寧南語言文化協會, Tainan City, Jul 2006. is used in English for the

, as in ''out'' . This spelling is generally used before consonants, with being used instead before vowels and at the ends of words. Occasionally ''ou'' may also represent other vowels – as in ''trouble'', as in ''soul'', as in ''would'', as in ''group'', or as in the alternate American pronunciation of ''coupon''. The ''ou'' in ''out'' originally represented , as in French, and its pronunciation has mostly changed as part of the

. However, the sound was kept before p. In

represents in the Netherlands or in Flanders. In Cornish, it represents , , or . In French, it represents the

, as in ''vous'' "you", or the

approximant consonant Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow. Therefore, approximants fall between fricatives, which do produce ...

, as in ''oui'' "yes". In

this digraph stands for the

or for the falling

, according to dialect. is used In Hepburn romanization of the

to transcribe the sound . is used in French to write the vowel sound before what had historically been an ''s'', as in ''soûl'' "drunk" (also spelt ''soul''). , in English, usually represents the sound as in ''coward'', ''sundowner'', and ''now'' or the sound, as in ''froward'', ''landowner'', and ''know''. An exceptional pronunciation is in ''knowledge'' and '' rowlock''. There are many English heteronyms distinguished only by the pronunciation of this digraph, like: ''bow'' (front of ship or weapon), ''bower'' (a dwelling or string player), ''lower'' (to frown or drop), ''mow'' (to grimace or cut), ''row'' (a dispute or line-up), ''shower'' (rain or presenter), ''sow'' (a pig or to seed), ''tower'' (a building or towboat). In Cornish, this represents the diphthong or ; before vowels, it can also represent . is used in the

orthography of Cornish to refer to a sound that can be either or . This distribution can also be written . is found in many

s. In English and Faroese, oy represents the diphthong . Examples in English include ''toy'' and ''annoy''. In Cornish, it represents the diphthong ; in the words ''oy'' ('egg') and ''moy'' ('much'), it can also be pronounced . is an obsolete digraph once used in French. is used in Norwegian for . (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long o', historically but now most commonly realised as .

P

in German represents a labial affricate . It can be initial (''Pferd'', 'horse'), medial (''Apfel'', 'apple'), or final (''Knopf'', 'button'). Where it appears in English, usually in names or words recently derived from German, it is ordinarily simplified to such as

Pfizer Pfizer Inc. ( ) is an American multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology corporation headquartered on 42nd Street in Manhattan, New York City. The company was established in 1849 in New York by two German entrepreneurs, Charles Pfiz ...

. , in English and some other languages, represents , mostly in words derived from

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

. The Ancient Greek letter

phi Phi (; uppercase Φ, lowercase φ or ϕ; grc, ϕεῖ ''pheî'' ; Modern Greek: ''fi'' ) is the 21st letter of the Greek alphabet. In Archaic and Classical Greek (c. 9th century BC to 4th century BC), it represented an aspirated voice ...

originally represented (an aspirated ''p'' sound), and was thus transcribed into Latin orthography as , a convention that was transferred to some other Western European languages. The Greek pronunciation of later changed to /f/, and this was also the sound adopted in other languages for the relevant loanwords. Exceptionally, in English, represents in the name ''

Stephen Stephen or Steven is a common English first name. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen ( grc-gre, Στέφανος ), an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; ...

'' and some speakers' pronunciations of '' nephew''. In Irish and Welsh it reprsents the

Lenition In linguistics, lenition is a sound change that alters consonants, making them more sonorous. The word ''lenition'' itself means "softening" or "weakening" (from Latin 'weak'). Lenition can happen both synchronically (within a language at a pa ...

/ Aspirate mutation of . is used in the

used to write Hmong, where it represents the sound . is used for in Arrernte. is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as ''pneumatic.'' When not initial, it represents the sequence , as in ''apnea.'' is used in romanized

for the fortis sound , and in Cypriot Arabic for . is used in English for an initial sound in words of Greek origin such as ''psyche.'' When not initial, it represents the sequence , as in ''ellipse.'' It is also used in Shona to write a

cluster . is used in several languages for in words of Greek origin, where it was . An example in English is ''

pterosaur Pterosaurs (; from Greek ''pteron'' and ''sauros'', meaning "wing lizard") is an extinct clade of flying reptiles in the order, Pterosauria. They existed during most of the Mesozoic: from the Late Triassic to the end of the Cretaceous (228 ...

'' , and an exception is ''ptarmigan'' , which is Gaelic, not Greek. When not initial, ''pt'' represents the sequence , as in ''apt.'' is used for in Arrernte. is used in Cypriot Arabic for .

Q

is used to write the click in Naro. It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click . is used in various alphabets. In Quechua and the

used to write

, it represents the sound . In Xhosa, it represents the click . was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless alveolar click (equivalent to ). is used in Piedmontese for . is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for ejective . In Hadza it is the glottalized click . is used in Catalan, French, Galician,

and Spanish for before the vowel letters ''e, i'', where the letter ''c'' represents the sound (

Castilian Spanish In English, Castilian Spanish can mean the variety of Peninsular Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, the standard form of Spanish, or Spanish from Spain in general. In Spanish, the term (Castilian) can either refer to the Spanish langua ...

and most of Galicia) or ( Catalan, French, American Spanish,

and

). This dates to

''qu'', and ultimately the

; in English this sound instead became written primarily as ''wh'', due to

Grimm's law Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift) is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the 1st millennium BC. First systematically put forward by Jacob Grim ...

changing > (written ''hw''), and Middle English spelling change switching ''hw'' to ''wh''. In English, it represents in words derived from those languages (e.g., ''

quiche Quiche ( ) is a French tart consisting of pastry crust filled with savoury custard and pieces of cheese, meat, seafood or vegetables. A well-known variant is quiche Lorraine, which includes lardons or bacon. Quiche may be served hot, warm or ...

''), and in other words, including borrowings from Latin (e.g., ''

quantity Quantity or amount is a property that can exist as a multitude or magnitude, which illustrate discontinuity and continuity. Quantities can be compared in terms of "more", "less", or "equal", or by assigning a numerical value multiple of a uni ...

''). In German, where the /w/ sound evolved into /v/, it is used to represent /kv/ in both native Germanic words and Latin borrowings. In the Ossete Latin alphabet, it was used for . In Vietnamese it is used to represent the or sound. In Cornish, it represents the sound. is used for glottalized in Bouyei. is used in some languages for the sound . In

Mi'kmaq The Mi'kmaq (also ''Mi'gmaq'', ''Lnu'', ''Miꞌkmaw'' or ''Miꞌgmaw''; ; ) are a First Nations people of the Northeastern Woodlands, indigenous to the areas of Canada's Atlantic Provinces and the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec as well as the no ...

it is used for . In the

and

orthographies for Revived Cornish, and in William Jordan's 1611 ''Creation of the World'', it is used for . is used for glottalized in Bouyei.

R

is used in the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara for a retroflex stop, . In Norwegian and Swedish it represents voiced retroflex plosive, . is used in English for

words

transliterated Transliteration is a type of conversion of a text from one script to another that involves swapping letters (thus '' trans-'' + '' liter-'') in predictable ways, such as Greek → , Cyrillic → , Greek → the digraph , Armenian → o ...

through

. Examples include "rhapsody", "rhetoric" and "rhythm". These were pronounced in Ancient Greek with a

"r" sound, , as in

. The digraph may also be found within words, but always at the start of a word component, e.g., "polyrhythmic". German, French, and

Interlingua Interlingua (; ISO 639 language codes ia, ina) is an international auxiliary language (IAL) developed between 1937 and 1951 by the American International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). It ranks among the most widely used IALs and is ...

use ''rh'' in the same way. is also found in Welsh where it represents a voiceless alveolar trill (), that is a voiceless "r" sound. It can be found anywhere; the most common occurrence in English from Welsh is in the slightly respelled given name "Rhonda". In Wade-Giles transliteration, is used for the syllable-final rhotic of

. In the

romanization of

, initial ''rh-'' indicates an even tone on a syllable beginning in , which is otherwise spelled ''r-.'' In Purépecha, it is a

retroflex flap The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`. Features Features of the voi ...

, . is used in the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, as well in Norwegian and Swedish, for a retroflex lateral, written in the IPA. In Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. is used in

Inuktitut Inuktitut (; , syllabics ; from , "person" + , "like", "in the manner of"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces ...

for . represents the retroflex nasal in Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara (see

), as well in Norwegian and Swedish. In Greenlandic, it represents . In

, it represents . is used in Greenlandic for as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. is used in English for . It normally appears in words of

or Romance origin, and "rrh" in words of ancient

origin. It is quite a common digraph. Some words with "rr" are relatively recent

loanword A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word at least partly assimilated from one language (the donor language) into another language. This is in contrast to cognates, which are words in two or more languages that are similar because t ...

s from other languages; examples include '' burro'' from Spanish. It is often used in impromptu pronunciation guides to denote either an

alveolar tap Alveolus (; pl. alveoli, adj. alveolar) is a general anatomical term for a concave cavity or pit. Uses in anatomy and zoology * Pulmonary alveolus, an air sac in the lungs ** Alveolar cell or pneumocyte ** Alveolar duct ** Alveolar macrophage * Ma ...

or an

alveolar trill The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ...

. It is a letter in the

Albanian alphabet The Albanian alphabet ( sq, alfabeti shqip) is a variant of the Latin alphabet used to write the Albanian language. It consists of 36 letters: ''Note:'' The vowels are shown in bold. The letters are named simply by their sounds, followed by ë ...

. In several European languages, such as Catalan, Spanish,

or Albanian, "rr" represents the

(or the

voiced uvular fricative The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , an inverted small uppercase letter , or in broad transcription if rho ...

) and contrasts with the single "r", which represents the

(in Catalan and Spanish a single "r" also represents the alveolar trill at the beginning of words or syllables). In Italian and Finnish, "rr" is a geminated (long) consonant . In Central Alaskan Yup'ik it is used for . In Cornish, it can represent either , , or . was equivalent to and stood for (modern '' ř'') in medieval Czech. In Greenlandic, it represents as the result of an assimilation of a consonant cluster with a uvular consonant as the first component. In Norwegian and Swedish, it represents

voiceless retroflex fricative The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook ...

, . is used in Australian Aboriginal languages such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, as well in Norwegian and Swedish, for a retroflex stop . is used for in Arrernte. is used in

and Kashubian for a

voiced retroflex fricative The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retrof ...

, similar to English '' zh'' as in ''Zhivago''. Examples from Polish are ' "March" and ' "river". represents the same sound as , but they have a different origin. used to be pronounced the same way as Czech () in older Polish, but the sounds merged, and the

orthography An orthography is a set of convention (norm), conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word, word breaks, Emphasis (typography), emphasis, and punctuation. Most transnational languages in the ...

still follows etymology. When preceded by a

voiceless consonant In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of phonation, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies v ...

(''ch'', ''k'', ''p'', ''t'') or end of a word, devoices to , as in ' ("before", ).

S

is used in Italian for before the front vowel letters ''e, i''. It is used for in Catalan, Spanish, French, English, Occitan and Brazilian Portuguese (e.g. French/English ''reminiscence'', Spanish ''reminiscencia'', Brazilian Portuguese ''reminiscência'', Catalan ''reminiscència'', Occitan ''reminiscéncia''); in European Portuguese this changed to in the early 20th century, although in careful speech it can be . However, it represents in modern pronunciations of ''crescent'' in

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

and non-

Canadian Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source o ...

Commonwealth English The use of the English language in current and former member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations was largely inherited from British colonisation, with some exceptions. English serves as the medium of inter-Commonwealth relations. Many r ...

. In

it usually represented . is used in French for in a few verb forms such as simple past ''acquiesça'' . It is also used in

as in the imperative/conjunctive form of verbs ending with ''scer'': ''crescer'' ''cresça''. Still pronounced in

, in

European Portuguese European Portuguese ( pt, português europeu, ), also known as Portuguese of Portugal (Portuguese: português de Portugal), Iberian Portuguese (Portuguese: português ibérico), and Peninsular Portuguese (Portuguese: português peninsular), refer ...

this changed to in the early 20th cent.ury, although in careful speech it can be is used in Piedmontese for . is used in several languages. In English, it represents . See separate article. See also ſh

below Below may refer to: * Earth * Ground (disambiguation) * Soil *Floor * Bottom (disambiguation) *Less than * Temperatures below freezing * Hell or underworld People with the surname *Ernst von Below (1863–1955), German World War I general *Fred ...

, which has the capitalized forms SH and ŞH. is used in English for in words such as ''fusion'' (see yod-coalescence). In

, it represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ś appearing in other situations. In Welsh is used for the sound as in ''siocled'' ('chocolate'). is used Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound (see also ) and in Faroese, Danish, Norwegian and

to write

Voiceless postalveolar fricative A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term ''voiceless postalveolar fricative'' only for the sound , but it also describes the voiceles ...

. is used in Swedish to write the ''sje'' sound . It takes by rule this sound value before the front vowels (''e, i, y, ä'' and ''ö'') word or root initially (as in ''sked'' (spoon)), while normally representing in other positions. In Norwegian and Faroese, it is used to write

voiceless postalveolar fricative A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term ''voiceless postalveolar fricative'' only for the sound , but it also describes the voiceles ...

(only in front of ''i'', ''y'', ''ei'' and ''øy''/''oy''). is used in Iraqw and Bouyei to write the

lateral fricative A lateral is a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue, but it is blocked by the tongue from going through the middle of the mouth. An example of a lateral consonant is the English ''L'', as in ''L ...

. ''(Sl'' is used in the French tradition to transcribe in other languages as well, as in the

.) is used in German for as in ''Spaß'' instead of using schp. is used in Kosraean for . is used in

for in languages such as Yi. For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants. In English, typically represents in the first ''ss'' of ''possess'' and its derivatives ''possessed'', ''possesses'', ''possession'', ''possessive'' and '' possessor'', ''brassiere'', ''dessert'', ''dissolution'' and its derivatives ''dissolved'', ''dissolves'' and ''dissolving'', ''

Missoula Missoula ( ; fla, label= Séliš, Nłʔay, lit=Place of the Small Bull Trout, script=Latn; kut, Tuhuⱡnana, script=Latn) is a city in the U.S. state of Montana; it is the county seat of Missoula County. It is located along the Clark Fork ...

(

County A county is a geographic region of a country used for administrative or other purposes Chambers Dictionary, L. Brookes (ed.), 2005, Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd, Edinburgh in certain modern nations. The term is derived from the Old French ...

)'', ''

Missouri Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas to ...

(an)'', ''scissors'', and pronunciations of '' Aussie'' outside the United States. In other languages, such as Catalan, Cornish, French, Italian,

and Central Alaskan Yup'ik, where transcribes between vowels (and elsewhere in the case of Yup'ik), is used for in that position ( in Italian and also in some cases in Cornish). In romanized

, it represents the fortis sound . In Cypriot Arabic it is used for . Also to note, there are spellings of words with as opposed to them with just one , varied in different types of English. For the word ''focus'', in British English the 3rd person singular, the past participle and the present participle are spelled with (i.e. ''focusses'', ''focussed'' and ''focussing'') whereas in American English and usually Canadian and Australian English they are spelled with one (i.e. ''focuses'', ''focused'' and ''focusing''). is used in German for as in ''Stadt'' instead of using scht (or cht). In some parts of northern Germany, the pronunciation (as in English) is still quite common in the local dialect. is used in Shona to write the

. This was written ȿ from 1931 to 1955. in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized , and in Esperanto orthography it is an unofficial surrogate of , that represents . is used to write the sound in Malay and

. is used in several languages. See article. and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence . and are used in Piedmontese for the sequence .

T

is used for the palatal click in Naro, and to write the affricate in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan. is used in the

for the voiceless dental affricate is used for in Naro. In Catalan, it represents . is used in several languages. In English, it can represent , or . See article. See also: Pronunciation of English th. , before a vowel, is usually pronounced in French and in German. is used in Norwegian and Faroese words like ''tjære''/''tjøra'' ('tar') for (Norwegian) and (Faroese). In the closely related

Swedish alphabet The Swedish alphabet ( sv, Svenska alfabetet) is a basic element of the Latin writing system used for the Swedish language. The 29 letters of this alphabet are the modern 26-letter basic Latin alphabet (A through Z) plus Å, Ä, and Ö, in t ...

, it represents , as in ''tjära'' . It is also the standard written form of the sound in

and was likewise used in Dutch-based orthographies that used to apply for languages in Indonesia and Surinam. In the

such as Warlpiri, Arrernte, and Pitjantjatjara, it represents a postalveolar stop, transcribed in the

International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standardized representation ...

as or depending on voicing. This sound is also written , , , , or . In Catalan it represents . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the

affricate . is used in Juǀʼhoan for the uvularized

. is used in various orthographies for the affricate . is used in the transcription of

Athabascan languages Athabaskan (also spelled ''Athabascan'', ''Athapaskan'' or ''Athapascan'', and also known as Dene) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Co ...

for a lateral affricate or . is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated and nasally released . In Catalan, it's used to represent , that can result not geminated as well, , as in ''setmana'' (pronounced in standard Catalan and in

Valencian Valencian () or Valencian language () is the official, historical and traditional name used in the Valencian Community (Spain), and unofficially in the El Carche comarca in Murcia (Spain), to refer to the Romance language also known as Catal ...

). is used for a prestopped nasal in Arrernte, and for the similar in Yélî Dnye. is used in Yélî Dnye for doubly articulated . generally represents a sound like a

retroflex A retroflex ( /ˈɹɛtʃɹoːflɛks/), apico-domal ( /əpɪkoːˈdɔmɪnəl/), or cacuminal () consonant is a coronal consonant where the tongue has a flat, concave, or even curled shape, and is articulated between the alveolar ridge and the ha ...

version of English "ch" in areas of German influence, such as ''Truk'' lagoon, now spelled . For instance, in Malagasy it represents . In southern

dialect The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena: One usage refers to a variety of a language that is ...

s of Vietnamese, represents a voiceless retroflex affricate . In the northern dialects, this sound is pronounced , just like what represents. was formerly considered a distinct letter of the

Vietnamese alphabet The Vietnamese alphabet ( vi, chữ Quốc ngữ, lit=script of the National language) is the modern Latin writing script or writing system for Vietnamese. It uses the Latin script based on Romance languages originally developed by Portuguese ...

, but today is not. is used in the Basque, where it represents an

apical Apical means "pertaining to an apex". It may refer to: * Apical ancestor, refers to the last common ancestor of an entire group, such as a species (biology) or a clan (anthropology) *Apical (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features lo ...

voiceless alveolar affricate A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several ty ...

. It contrasts with , which is

laminal A laminal consonant is a phone (speech sound) produced by obstructing the air passage with the blade of the tongue, the flat top front surface just behind the tip of the tongue in contact with upper lip, teeth, alveolar ridge, to possibly, as ...

. In Hausa, represents an alveolar ejective fricative or affricate ), depending on dialect. It is considered a distinct letter, and placed between and in

. It is also used in Catalan for . It is also used in Hausa Boko. The Wade-Giles and

romanizations of

Chinese Chinese can refer to: * Something related to China * Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity **''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation ** List of ethnic groups in China, people of v ...

use for an

unaspirated In linguistics, a tenuis consonant ( or ) is an obstruent that is voiceless, unaspirated and unglottalized. In other words, it has the "plain" phonation of with a voice onset time close to zero (a zero-VOT consonant), as Spanish ''p, t, ch, ...

. Wade-Giles also uses for the aspirated equivalent . These are equivalent to

and , respectively. The Hepburn romanization of

Japanese Japanese may refer to: * Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia * Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan * Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture ** Japanese dia ...

uses for a

). In native Japanese words, this sound only occurs before , but it may occur before other vowels in

s. Other romanization systems write as . in

is used for . The sequence occurs in English, but it has no special function and simply represents a sequence of and . It occurs word-initially only in some

s, such as ''

tsunami A tsunami ( ; from ja, 津波, lit=harbour wave, ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explo ...

'' and ''

tsar Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East and South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word '' caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the t ...

''. Most English-speakers do not pronounce a in such words and pronounce them as if they were spelled and or , respectively. was used in medieval Basque for a

; this is now represented by . is used in Basque for , and in romanized Kabyle for . In romanized

, it represents the fortis sound , in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is ejective , and in Cypriot Arabic, it represents . is used for in Arrernte. is used in Basque, Catalan and some indigenous languages of

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

, for a

. In Nambikwara it represents a glottalized . In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the uvularized-release . is used in the

Hungarian alphabet The Hungarian alphabet () is an extension of the Latin alphabet used for writing the Hungarian language. The alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with several added variations of letters. The alphabet consists of the 26 letters of the IS ...

for , a voiceless palatal affricate; in Hungarian, digraphs are considered single letters, and

s keep them intact. In Xhosa, represents and the similar in the Algonquian Massachusett orthography. In Shona, it represents . In Tagalog it represents . In the

such as Warlpiri, and Arrernte, it represents a postalveolar stop, either voiceless or voiced . (This sound is also written , , , , and ). In Cypriot Arabic, it represents . is used in Basque, German and

for the

). In Basque, this sound is

and contrasts with the

affricate represented by . It is also used in Catalan to represent the

voiced alveolar affricate A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several typ ...

. In Juǀʼhoan it is used for the

affricate . For its use in the Wade–Giles system of Romanization of Chinese, see Wade–Giles → Syllabic consonants.

U

is used in Taa for the glottalized or creaky vowel . is used in

for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used. is found in many

s. In English, represents /ju/ or /u/ as in ''cue'' or ''true'', respectively. In German, it is equivalent to Ü, and as such may appear in proper names of people, representing or . In the

, it represents in a non-initial position. is used in

to represent . is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for . is used in Taa for the breathy or murmured vowel . In

, it is used for before a consonant. Before a vowel, is used. in

stands for the diphthong . In Irish and

, it is after a

(broad) consonant, and in Irish, it is used for between a broad and a slender consonant. In German, it represents the diphthong , which appears only in

interjection An interjection is a word or expression that occurs as an utterance on its own and expresses a spontaneous feeling or reaction. It is a diverse category, encompassing many different parts of speech, such as exclamations ''(ouch!'', ''wow!''), curse ...

s such as ''"pfui!"''. In English, it represents the sound in ''fruit'', ''juice'', ''suit'' and ''pursuit''. However, in many English words, this does not hold. For example, it fails in words where the ''u'' in ''ui'' functions as a modifier of a preceding ''g'' (forcing ''g'' to remain rather than shifting to in ''guild'', ''guilt'', ''guilty'', ''sanguine'', ''

Guinea Guinea ( ),, fuf, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, italic=no, Gine, wo, Gine, nqo, ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, bm, Gine officially the Republic of Guinea (french: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the we ...

'', etc.), doing the same with ''c'' (in words like ''circuit'' and ''biscuit''), or in cases of unusual etymological spelling or syllable separation (e.g. ''build'', ''suite'', and ''intuition''). It represents /ai/ in ''guide''. In Mandarin

, it is after a consonant. (In initial position, this is spelled ''wei.'') In

, it represents or . In French, it is not a digraph, but a predictable sequence , as in ''h''ui''t'' "eight". In Scots it represents the vowel in words such as bluid (blood), duin (done), muin (moon) and spuin (spoon) and is used similarly in Northumbrian and Cumbrian. is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in Irish for between a broad and a slender consonant. is used in

for , and in French to write (only before a consonant and at the end of a word). is used in

for before a consonant. is used in many languages to write a

. In

before a consonant, and in many

n languages, it is , while in French it is , or among the younger generation . In

, is spelled ''un'' after a consonant, ''wen'' initially. is used in

for before a consonant. is used in Tibetan Pinyin for . is used in Lakhota for the nasal vowel . is used in

to write the vowel in languages such as Yi, where ''o'' stands for . is used in Taa, for the pharyngealized vowel . is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for , and in

to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi. is used in

for . In languages with phonemic long vowels, it may be used to write . occurs in

, as in (''yours''), duwen (''to push'') . It is used in Cornish for the sound or . is used in

for . is used in

as an unofficial surrogate of , which represents . (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long u', historically , also .

V

is used in the

for the labiodental flap . was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click . represents in Shona. It was also used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the aspirated

palatal click The palatal or palato-alveolar clicks are a family of click consonants found, as components of words, only in southern Africa. The tongue is nearly flat, and is pulled back rather than down as in the postalveolar clicks, making a sharper sound ...

. was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless palatal click (equivalent to ). was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the palatal nasal click . is used in Central Alaskan Yup'ik for . is used in Quechua.

W

is used in English to represent

Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic bra ...

, the continuation of the PIE labiovelar (which became in

and the

). Most English question words begin with this digraph, hence the terms '' wh-word'' and '' wh-question''. In Old English, /hw/ was spelled or , and only the former was retained during the

period, becoming during the gradual development of the letter during the 14th-17th centuries. In most dialects it is now pronounced , but a distinct pronunciation realized as a voiceless w sound, � is retained in some areas:

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...

, central and southern

Ireland Ireland ( ; ga, Éire ; Ulster-Scots: ) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean, in north-western Europe. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the s ...

, the southeastern

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...

, and (mostly among older speakers) in

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country ...

. In a few words (''who'', ''whose'', etc.) the pronunciation used among almost all speakers regardless of geography is /h/. For details, see

Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩ The pronunciation of the digraph in English has changed over time, and still varies today between different regions and accents. It is now most commonly pronounced , the same as a plain initial , although some dialects, particularly those of ...

.
In

, represents or more commonly , with some regional variations approaching or . In the

Taranaki Taranaki is a region in the west of New Zealand's North Island. It is named after its main geographical feature, the stratovolcano of Mount Taranaki, also known as Mount Egmont. The main centre is the city of New Plymouth. The New Plymouth ...

region, for some speakers, this represents a glottalized . In Xhosa, it represents , a murmured variant of found in loan words. In Cornish, it represents . is used in English for words which formerly began , now reduced to /r/ in virtually all dialects. is used in Mandarin

to write the vowel in initial position, as in the name ''

Wuhan Wuhan (, ; ; ) is the capital of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China. It is the largest city in Hubei and the most populous city in Central China, with a population of over eleven million, the ninth-most populous Chinese city a ...

.'' It is sometimes found with this value in Romanized Korean as well, as in hanwu. In

, it is used to represent in an initial position or in a non-initial position. is used in Haida (Bringhurst orthography) for glottalized . is used in Nambikwara for a glottalized .

X

is used in the

for the labialized fricative . is used to write the click in Naro. It was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click . , in Albanian, represents the sound of the voiced postalveolar affricate consonant , as in the surname ''Hoxha'' . In Zulu and Xhosa it represents the voiceless aspirated alveolar lateral click , for example in the name of the language '' Xhosa'' . In Walloon to write a consonant that is variously , , , depending on the dialect. In Canadian

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

it represents , which in Alaska is written ''x̱.'' is used in English for in words such as ''flexion''. (It is equivalent to plus the digraph , as in ''action''.) was used in the Tindall orthography of Khoekhoe for the voiceless lateral click (equivalent to ). is used as a letter of the Seri alphabet, where it represents a labialized uvular fricative, . It is placed between X and Y in

. is used in

in the word ''exsudar'' in

. In

this digraph changed to in the early 20th century and the word came to be pronounced as was used in the Ossete Latin alphabet for . is used in the Kurdish and the

Tlingit language The Tlingit language ( ; ''Lingít'' ) is spoken by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska and Western Canada and is a branch of the Na-Dene language family. Extensive effort is being put into revitalization programs in Southeast Alaska to rev ...

for . is used in Alaskan

Tlingit The Tlingit ( or ; also spelled Tlinkit) are indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. Their language is the Tlingit language (natively , pronounced ),

for , which in Canada is written '' xhw.'' is used in Hadza for the glottalized click , and in Cypriot Arabic for . is used in the

used to write

, where it represents the sound .

Y

used in various languages. In some languages such as English it is used as an such as in bye or dye. In most languages, it is used as an sound, such as in yellow. was used in the pre-1985 orthography of Guinea, for the "ejective y" or palatalized

glottal stop The glottal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents th ...

() in Pular (a

). In the current orthography it is now written ƴ. In Xhosa it is used for the sound . In a handful of Australian languages, it represents a "dental semivowel". is used in Mandarin

to write the vowel when it forms an entire syllable. is used in Yanyuwa for a pre-

stop, . is used in French to write the vowel sound ( before another vowel), as in ''thym'' "thyme". is used in French to write the vowel sound in some words of Greek origin, such as ''syncope'' "syncope". is used in

to write the trilled vowel in languages such as Yi. is used in romanized Chinese to write the vowel . In Mandarin

it is used for in initial position, whereas in Cantonese

it is used for in non-initial position. In the

and

, it represents in an initial position and in a non-initial position. (See jyu.) is used for in Arrernte and for doubly articulated in Yélî Dnye. It is used in Cornish for the diphthongs , , or . in used in Nambikwara for a glottalized . is used in some languages such as Finnish to write the long vowel . In Haida (Bringhurst orthography) it is glottalized . (a split digraph) indicates an English 'long y' (equivalent to ).

Z

represents the

(), like the in ''pleasure'', in Albanian and in Native American orthographies such as

. It is used for the same sound in some English-language dictionaries, as well as to transliterate the sound when represented by

and Persian into English, but is rarely seen in English words, appearing primarily in foreign borrowings (eg ''muzhik'') and slang (eg ''zhoosh''). as a digraph is rare in European languages using the

; in addition to Albanian it is found in Breton in words that are pronounced with in some dialects and in others. In

, represents the voiceless retroflex affricate . When

Malayalam Malayalam (; , ) is a Dravidian languages, Dravidian language spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of Lakshadweep and Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry (Mahé district) by the Malayali people. It is one of 2 ...

and Tamil are transliterated into the Latin script, represents a

retroflex approximant The voiced retroflex approximant is a type of consonant used in some languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\`. The IPA symbol is a turned lowercase lett ...

(Malayalam ഴ and Tamil ழ, ḻ, �. in

represents whenever it precedes a vowel, and whenever it precedes a consonant (or in the end of the word), and is considered a graphic variant of ź appearing in other situations. is used in the

for the voiced lateral fricative is used in the

for . is the last (forty-fourth) letter of the

. Its name is "zsé" and represents , a

, similar to ''J'' in ''Jacques'' and ''s'' in ''vision''. A few examples are ''rózsa'' "rose" and ''zsír'' "fat". is used in Shona to write the

. This was written ɀ from 1931 to 1955. is used in

to represent the labialized

voiced alveolar fricative The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described. * The symbol for the alveolar sibilan ...

(). is used in

for in languages such as Yi. It is also used with that value in romanized Kabyle. In medieval Czech, it stood for . In Hadza it is ejective .

Other

, capital , is used in many

n languages for the nasal vowel . ''Ɛ'' is an " open e". , capital , is used in many

n languages for the nasal vowel . ''Ɔ'' is an "

open o Open o or Turned c (majuscule: Ɔ, minuscule: ɔ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, it represents the open-mid back rounded vowel. It is used in the orthographies of many African languages u ...

". , capitalized , is used in French for the vowels and . The first element of the digraph, '' œ'', is itself is a ligature of ''o'' and ''e'', and may also be written as the trigraph . is used in the

for . is used in the

for the labial-velar nasal . , capitalized , was used for in the old orthography of Zhuang and Bouyei; this is now spelled with the trigraph . is used in Adzera for the prenasalized glottal stop . , capitalized or sometimes , was a digraph used in the Slovene Bohorič alphabet for . The first element, , the

long s The long s , also known as the medial s or initial s, is an archaic form of the lowercase letter . It replaced the single ''s'', or one or both of the letters ''s'' in a 'double ''s sequence (e.g., "ſinfulneſs" for "sinfulness" and "poſ ...

, is an archaic non-final form of the letter . are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four glottalized nasal clicks, . are used in Khoekhoe for its four tenuis clicks, . are used in Khoekhoe for its four aspirated nasal clicks, , and in Juǀʼhoan for its plain aspirated clicks, . are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate

ejective-contour click Ejective-contour clicks, also called sequential linguo-glottalic consonants, are consonants that transition from a click to an ejective sound, or more precisely, have an audible delay between the front and rear release of the click. All click t ...

s, . are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain nasal clicks, . are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, .

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Latin Digraphs