Relative Pronoun

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause. It serves the purpose of conjoining modifying information about an antecedent referent.

An example is the word ''which'' in the sentence "This is the house which Jack built." Here the relative pronoun ''which'' conjoins the relative clause "Jack built," which modifies the noun ''house'' in the main sentence. ''Which'' has an anaphoric relationship to its antecedent "house" in the main clause.

In the English language, the following are the most common relative pronouns: ''which'', ''that'', ''whose'', ''whoever'', ''whomever'', ''who'' and ''whom''.

According to some dependency grammar theories, a relative pronoun does not simply mark the subordinate (relative) clause but also may be considered to play the role of a noun within that clause. For example, in the relative clause "that Jack built," "that" is deemed a pronoun functioning as the object of the verb "built." Compare this with "Jack built the house after he married," where the conjunction ''after'' marks the subordinate clause ''after he married'', but does not play the role of any noun within that clause.

In a relative clause, a relative pronoun takes the number (singular or plural) and the person (first, second or third) of its antecedent.

For more information on the formation and uses of relative clauses—with and without relative pronouns—see Relative clause. For detailed information about relative clauses and relative pronouns in English, see English relative clause.

Antecedents

The element in the main clause that the relative pronoun in the relative clause stands for (''house'' in the above example) is the ''antecedent'' of that pronoun. In most cases the antecedent is a nominal (noun or noun phrase), though the pronoun can also refer to a whole proposition, as in "The train was late, which annoyed me greatly", where the antecedent of the relative pronoun ''which'' is the clause "The train was late" (the thing that annoyed me was the fact of the train's being late).

In a free relative clause, a relative pronoun has no antecedent: the relative clause itself plays the role of the co-referring element in the main clause. For example, in "I like what you did", ''what'' is a relative pronoun, but without an antecedent. The clause ''what you did'' itself plays the role of a nominal (the object of ''like'') in the main clause. A relative pronoun used this way is sometimes called a fused relative pronoun, since the antecedent appears fused into the pronoun (''what'' in this example can be regarded as a fusion of ''that which'').

Absence

Only about 7% of the languages around the world have relative pronouns. For example, Mandarin Chinese does not have relative pronouns at all and forms relative clauses (or their equivalents) by different methods.

Even within languages that have relative pronouns, not all relative clauses contain relative pronouns. For example, in the English sentence "The man you saw yesterday was my uncle", the relative clause ''you saw yesterday'' contains no relative pronoun. It can be said to have a gap, or zero, in the position of the object of the verb ''saw''.

Role

Other arguments can be relativised using relative pronouns:
;Subject: ''Hunter is the boy who helped Jessica.''
;Object complement: ''Hunter is the boy whom Jessica gave a gift to.''
;Prepositional object: ''Jack built the house in which I now live.'' (Similarly with prepositions and prepositional phrases in general, for example, ''These are the walls between which Jack ran.'')
;Possessor: ''Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.''

Variant forms

In some languages with gender, number, and noun declensions—such as German, Serbo-Croatian, Hindi, and Latin—the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, while its case indicates its relationship with the verb in the relative or main clause. In some other languages, the relative pronoun is an invariable word.

Words used as relative pronouns often originally had other functions. For example, the English ''which'' is also an interrogative word. This suggests that relative pronouns might be a fairly late development in many languages. Some languages, such as Welsh, have no relative pronouns. In some languages such as Hindi, the relative pronouns are distinct from the interrogative pronouns.

In English, different pronouns are sometimes used if the antecedent is a human being, as opposed to a non-human or an inanimate object (as in ''who'' vs. ''that'').
:(1) ''This is a bank. This bank accepted my identification.''
:(2) ''She is a bank teller. She helped us open an account.''

With the relative pronouns, sentences (1) and (2) would read like this:

:(3) ''This is the bank that accepted my identification.''
:(4) ''She is the bank teller who helped us open an account.''

In sentences (3) and (4), the words ''that'' and ''who'' are the relative pronouns. The word ''that'' is used because the bank is a thing; the word ''who'' is used because the teller is a person. Alternatively, ''which'' is often used in ''defining'' (or ''restrictive'') relative clauses in either case. For details see English relative clauses.

See also

* Relativizer
* Relative pronouns in Spanish

References

Bibliography

* Gregory R. Guy and Robert Bayley,
On the Choice of Relative Pronouns in English
, in ''American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage'', 70.2 (1995), pp. 148-62.
* Iliev, Iv., The Origin of Bulgarian Relative Pronouns

* Soojin Lee, "''That'' or ''Which''?: The ''that’s that'' of ''which is which'', published in 2006, http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362-lee.htm
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Relative Pronoun
Pronouns