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Reduction, reduced, or reduce may refer to:


Science and technology


Chemistry

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Reduction (chemistry) Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a d ...
, part of a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. ** Organic redox reaction, a redox reaction that takes place with organic compounds ** Ore reduction: see
smelting Smelting is a process of applying heat to ore, to extract a base metal. It is a form of extractive metallurgy. It is used to extract many metals from their ores, including silver, iron, copper, and other base metals. Smelting uses heat and a c ...


Computing and algorithms

* Reduction (complexity), a transformation of one problem into another problem * Reduction (recursion theory), given sets A and B of natural numbers, is it possible to effectively convert a method for deciding membership in B into a method for deciding membership in A? *
Bit Rate Reduction Bit Rate Reduction, or BRR, also called Bit Rate Reduced, is a name given to an audio compression method used on the SPC700 sound coprocessor used in the SNES, as well as the audio processors of the Philips CD-i, the PlayStation, and the Apple Ma ...
, an audio compression method * Data reduction, simplifying data in order to facilitate analysis * Graph reduction, an efficient version of non-strict evaluation * L-reduction, a transformation of optimization problems which keeps the approximability features *
Partial order reduction In computer science, partial order reduction is a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking or automated planning and scheduling algorithm. It exploits the commutativity of concurrently executed transit ...
, a technique for reducing the size of the state-space to be searched by a model checking algorithm *
Strength reduction In compiler construction, strength reduction is a compiler optimization where expensive operations are replaced with equivalent but less expensive operations. The classic example of strength reduction converts "strong" multiplications inside a loop ...
, a compiler optimization where a function of some systematically changing variable is calculated more efficiently by using previous values of the function * Variance reduction, a procedure used to increase the precision of the estimates that can be obtained for a given number of iterations * Reduce (computer algebra system), a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics * Reduce (higher-order function), in functional programming, a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure in some order and build up a return value * Reduced instruction set computing, a CPU design philosophy favoring an instruction set reduced in size and complexity of addressing, to simplify implementation, instruction level parallelism, and compiling


Pure mathematics and statistics

* Reducible as the opposite of irreducible (mathematics) *
Reduction (mathematics) In mathematics, reduction refers to the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form. For example, the process of rewriting a fraction into one with the smallest whole-number denominator possible (while keeping the numerator a whole number) is ...
, the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form *
Beta reduction Lambda calculus (also written as ''λ''-calculus) is a formal system in mathematical logic for expressing computation based on function abstraction and application using variable binding and substitution. It is a universal model of computation th ...
, the rewriting of an expression from lambda calculus into a simpler form *
Dimension reduction Dimensionality reduction, or dimension reduction, is the transformation of data from a high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space so that the low-dimensional representation retains some meaningful properties of the original data, ideally ...
, the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration * Lattice reduction, given an integer lattice basis as input, to find a basis with short, nearly orthogonal vectors *
Subject reduction In type theory, a type system has the property of subject reduction (also subject evaluation, type preservation or simply preservation) if evaluation of expressions does not cause their type to change. Formally, if Γ ⊢ ''e''1 : ''τ'' and ''e''1 ...
or preservation, a rewrite of an expression that does not change its type * Reduction of order, a technique for solving second-order ordinary differential equations * Reduction of the structure group, for a G-bundle B and a map H \to G an H-bundle B_H such that the pushout B_H \times_H G is isomorphic to B * Reduction system, reduction strategy, the application of rewriting systems to eliminate reducible expressions * Reduced form, in statistics, an equation which relates the endogenous variable X to all the available exogenous variables, both those included in the regression of interest (W) and the instruments (Z) * Reduced homology, a minor modification made to homology theory in algebraic topology, designed to make a point have all its homology groups zero * Reduced product, a construction that generalizes both direct product and ultraproduct * Reduced residue system, a set of φ(n) integers such that each integer is relatively prime to n and no two are congruent modulo n * Reduced ring, a ring with no non-zero nilpotent elements * Reduced row echelon form, a certain reduced row echelon form of a matrix which completely and uniquely determines its row space * Reduced word, in a free group, a word with no adjacent generator-inverse pairs


Medicine


Medical procedures

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Lung volume reduction surgery Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease), lungs (lung disease), and other pleural or mediastinal stru ...
, a treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease *
Selective reduction Selective reduction is the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multiple pregnancy, such as quadruplets, to a twin or singleton pregnancy. The procedure is also called multifetal pregnancy reduction. The procedure is most commonly done ...
(or fetal reduction), the practice of reducing the number of fetuses in a multifetal pregnancy *
Reduction (orthopedic surgery) Reduction is a surgical procedure to repair a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment. Description When a bone fractures, the fragments lose their alignment in the form of displacement or angulation. For the fractured bone to heal wit ...
, a medical procedure to restore a fracture or dislocation to the correct alignment * Ventricular reduction, a type of operation in cardiac surgery * Cosmetic surgery: **
Breast reduction Reduction mammoplasty (also breast reduction and reduction mammaplasty) is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery for re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the wom ...
**
Jaw reduction Jaw reduction or mandible angle reduction is a type of surgery to narrow the lower one-third of the face—particularly the contribution from the mandible and its muscular attachments. There are several techniques for treatment—including surgical ...


Other uses in medicine

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Weight loss Weight loss, in the context of medicine, health, or physical fitness, refers to a reduction of the total body mass, by a mean loss of fluid, body fat (adipose tissue), or lean mass (namely bone mineral deposits, muscle, tendon, and other co ...
* In epidemiology: **
Relative risk reduction In epidemiology, the relative risk reduction (RRR) or efficacy is the relative decrease in the risk In simple terms, risk is the possibility of something bad happening. Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity wit ...
, the absolute risk reduction by the control event rate **
Absolute risk reduction The risk difference (RD), excess risk, or attributable risk is the difference between the risk of an outcome in the exposed group and the unexposed group. It is computed as I_e - I_u, where I_eis the incidence in the exposed group, and I_u is th ...
, the decrease in risk of a given activity or treatment in relation to a control activity or treatment *
Urea reduction ratio The urea reduction ratio (URR) is a dimensionless number used to quantify dialysis treatment adequacy. Definition URR = \frac \times 100\% Where: * Upre is the pre-dialysis urea level * Upost is the post-dialysis urea level Whereas the URR ...
(URR), a dimensionless number used to quantify hemodialysis treatment adequacy


Physics

* Dimensional reduction, the limit of a compactified theory where the size of the compact dimension goes to zero *
Reduction criterion In quantum information theory, the reduction criterion is a necessary condition a mixed state must satisfy in order for it to be separable. In other words, the reduction criterion is a ''separability criterion''. It was first proved and independe ...
, in quantum information theory, a necessary condition a mixed state must satisfy in order for it to be separable * Reduced mass, the "effective" inertial mass appearing in the two-body problem of Newtonian mechanics *
Reduced properties In thermodynamics, the reduced properties of a fluid are a set of state variables scaled by the fluid's state properties at its critical point. These dimensionless thermodynamic coordinates, taken together with a substance's compressibility facto ...
(pressure, temperature, or volume) of a fluid, defined based on the fluid's critical point


Other uses in science and technology

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Lithic reduction In archaeology, in particular of the Stone Age, lithic reduction is the process of fashioning stones or rocks from their natural state into tools or weapons by removing some parts. It has been intensely studied and many archaeological industrie ...
, in Stone Age toolmaking, to detach lithic flakes from a lump of tool stone * Noise reduction, in acoustic or signal processing *
Reduction drive A reduction drive is a mechanical device to shift rotational speed. A planetary reduction drive is a small scale version using ball bearings in an epicyclic arrangement instead of toothed gears. Reduction drives are used in engines of all kinds ...
, a mechanical device to shift rotational speed


Arts and media

* ''Reducing'' (film), a 1931 American film * Reduction (music), music arranged for smaller resources (piano) for easier analysis or performance


Linguistics

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Accent reduction Accent reduction, also known as accent modification or accent neutralization, is a systematic approach for learning or adopting a new speech accent. It is the process of learning the sound system (or phonology) and melodic intonation of a langua ...
, modifying one's foreign accent towards that of a native speaker *
Vowel reduction In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic ''quality'' of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Creek language), and which are ...
, any change in vowel quality perceived as "weakening" ** Vowel reduction in English * Relaxed pronunciation, slurring of syllables of common words * Definite article reduction, use of vowel-less forms of the English definite article in Northern England


Philosophy

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Reductionism Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical pos ...
, a range of philosophical systems *
Reductio ad absurdum In logic, (Latin for "reduction to absurdity"), also known as (Latin for "argument to absurdity") or ''apagogical arguments'', is the form of argument that attempts to establish a claim by showing that the opposite scenario would lead to absu ...
, a form of argument in which a proposition is disproven by following its implications to an absurd consequence *
Eidetic reduction Eidetic reduction is a technique in the study of essences in Edmund Husserl's phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena. Eidetic reduction requires that a phenomenologist examine the essence of a mental object, be it ...
, a technique in the study of essences in phenomenology whose goal is to identify the basic components of phenomena *
Intertheoretic reduction In philosophy of science, intertheoretic reduction occurs when a reducing theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a reduced theory, while the reducing theory explains or predicts a wider range of phenom ...
, in philosophy of science, one theory makes predictions that perfectly or almost perfectly match the predictions of a second theory


Settlements

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Reductions Reductions ( es, reducciones, also called ; , pl. ) were settlements created by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such re ...
, settlements in Spanish America intended to control and Christianize Indians *
Indian reductions in the Andes Indian reductions in the Andes ( es, reducciones de indios, links=no) were settlements in the former Inca Empire created by Spanish authorities and populated by the forcible relocation of indigenous Andean populations, called "Indians" by the Spa ...
, settlements in the Andes to control and Christianize Indians


Other uses

* Reduction (cooking), the process of thickening or intensifying the flavor of a liquid mixture such as a soup, sauce, wine, or juice by evaporation * Reduction (military), the siege and capture of a fortified place *
Reduction (Sweden) In the Great Reduction of 1680, by which the ancient landed nobility lost its power base, the Swedish Crown recaptured lands earlier granted to the nobility. ''Reductions'' ( sv, reduktion) in Sweden and its dominions were the return to the Crow ...
, a return to the Crown of fiefs that had been granted to the Swedish nobility *
Reduce (waste) Waste minimisation is a set of processes and practices intended to reduce the amount of waste produced. By reducing or eliminating the generation of harmful and persistent wastes, waste minimisation supports efforts to promote a more sustainab ...
, practices of minimizing waste * Reduction, Pennsylvania, unincorporated community, United States *
Reduction in rank Reduction in rank may refer to three separate concepts: *In military law, a ''reduction in rank'' or ''degradation'' is a demotion in military rank as punishment for a crime or wrongdoing, imposed by a court-martial or other authority. It may be im ...
, in military law *
Reduction to practice In United States patent law, the reduction to practice is the step in the formation of an invention beyond the conception thereof. Reduction to practice may be either actual (the invention is actually carried out and is found to work for its intende ...
, in United States patent law, the embodiment of the concept of an invention *
Ego reduction The concept of ego reduction is predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego to describe the conscious adult self; and broadly describes the deflating of an over-inflated or egotistical sense of oneself - a curtailment of what Iris ...
, predicated on the use of Sigmund Freud's concept of the ego


See also

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Prevention (disambiguation) Prevention may refer to: Health and medicine * Preventive healthcare, measures to prevent diseases or injuries rather than curing them or treating their symptoms General safety * Crime prevention, the attempt to reduce deter crime and crimin ...
* Risk reduction (disambiguation) {{disambiguation Mathematics disambiguation pages