Quinceañera

A (also , , , and ) is a celebration of a girl's 15th birthday. It has pre-Columbian roots in Mexico (Aztecs) and is widely celebrated by girls throughout Latin America. The girl celebrating her 15th birthday is a (; feminine form of "15-year-old"). In Spanish, and in Hispanic America, the term is reserved solely for the honoree; in English, primarily in the United States, the term is used to refer to the celebrations and honors surrounding the occasion.

This birthday is celebrated differently from any other as it marks the transition from childhood to young womanhood. Historically, in the years prior to their 15th birthdays, girls were taught cooking, weaving, and about childbearing by the elder women in their communities in preparation for their future roles as wives and during the celebration the girl's father would present her to potential suitors.

In the past, parallel customs could be found in Europe. Today, the custom remains strongest in Mexico, its likely country of introduction during the viceregal or Mexican imperial periods. However, it is widely celebrated in Spanish-speaking countries in the Americas. The grandest parties are comparable to British and US debutante balls. The celebrations themselves vary significantly in different countries; for example, the festivities in some have taken on more religious overtones than in others. Nowadays, the is also celebrated by many Latino Americans in the United States, each according to their traditions.

In Brazil, a Portuguese-speaking country, a similar celebration is called , or . In the French Caribbean and French Guiana, it is called .

Origin

Contemporary festivities combine Spanish-Catholic traditions with those of indigenous heritages and add in a few modern twists. For example: In ancient Mexico, the Aztecs and other indigenous peoples had many different ceremonies to mark the passage through the various stages of life. The marked a young woman's transition to adulthood, as she was presented, as a virgin, to the community for probable suitors. Other origin stories attribute quinceañera history to the Duchess of Alba in Spain, who threw a ball at her palace and invited teen girls to attend in formal clothes. This tradition would continue and was reenforced when Empress Carlota of Mexico threw a similar reception for her court in Mexico City—presenting young women as eligible for marriage.

In a traditional Mexican , young women and men have roles as formal and , who perform special bends at the celebration, along with the herself. There is also a "man of honor" who accompanies the young woman. Potential suitors present gifts to her family to make up a dowry or bridal wealth. Prior to her being given away, the women of the community participate by instructing the in her duties and responsibilities, urging her to follow the correct path, by remaining true to her people and their traditions throughout her life.

Changes over the years

The meaning behind the has become more refined over time and has been adapted by various Latino cultures in relation to where they are living.

In rural societies, girls were considered ready for marriage once they turned 15. In the 20th century, the received certain privileges associated with womanhood: permission to attend adult parties, pluck her eyebrows and shave her legs, wear makeup, jewelry and high heels. When this tradition originated, the was a small party to celebrate the transition. Friends and family gathered in order to give the girl a chance to mingle with young men. Rich families celebrated with big parties and elaborate dresses. In Latin American countries, wealthy families announced in the newspapers to publicize their extravagant celebrations.

In the 1960s, as more Latinos migrated to the United States, they brought their differing national traditions with them. Once in the United States, formerly poor immigrants with good jobs were able to have big parties such as those back in their home country. Family and friends often help put on the event, for example, by making food. From a simple food and cake celebration, it has developed among wealthier families to become an occasion for a big party. Families may use event planners, and develop a celebration with a theme, to be staged with a special entrance and dances, and captured by professional photoshoots and video. Modern celebrations also incorporate traditions from other cultures. Markets for event planners and -related products have developed.

In specific countries

Cuba

In Cuba, the party may include a choreographed group dance, in which 14 couples waltz around the , who is accompanied by one of the main dancers, a boy of her choice, or her boyfriend. The choreography often includes four or six dancers or escorts called experts, who are allowed to dance around the . They are usually inexperienced dancers whose function is to highlight the central couple. The male dancers are also allowed to wear tuxedos in different colors.

Fifteenth-birthday celebrations were very popular in Cuba until the late 1970s. This practice partly entered Cuba via Spain, but the greatest influence was the French. The wealthy families who could afford to rent expensive dining rooms in private clubs or hotels of four and five stars held celebrations that were the precursors of , which they called . These celebrations usually took place in the house of the girl or the more spacious house of a relative.

Another tradition, commonly found in Cuba, is to have 14 ladies and 14 escorts (sometimes 7 each) as a court. The escorts hold flowers (usually roses) and the ladies carry candles. As the dances the waltz with her father, she blows out one candle, then picks up one rose. This continues until she has blown out all the candles and picked up all the roses. The 14 candles blown out represent her 14 previous years, and with each she makes a wish. When the time comes to cut the cake, the will blow out her last candle, thus completing her 15 wishes. The flowers are given to her mother.

Colombia

In Colombia, the starts with the arrival of the teenage girl, accompanied by her father; she is received by her mother and other relatives and friends; father and daughter dance a waltz and other tunes. The birthday girl next dances with her brothers (if any) and their uncles and godparents. Then she performs the and the waltz with all members of the procession (then optional dances to other music, such as merengue or pop).

For this occasion the teenager wears an evening dress in light colors or pastels, is dressed and made up slightly, and usually places a tiara in her hair and jewels on her neck and hands. All the guests dress in formal attire, including the teenager's peers.

After the first dance, the teenager and her friends have a dance. Then the festival begins with music from live bands, some famous artists, DJs, food, drink, and at one late point of the night a is carried out, in which the attendants wear masks or funny wigs and make noise with whistles and rattles while fast-tempo music is played. It is optional to make some surprise dance performed by the birthday girl (alone or accompanied), and a dance that will give away her friends, cousins, and others.

The custom's social significance is such that even poor families tend to spend lavishly on a daughter's . The event can cost as much as a year's wages, and many take up debt to be able to pay for it.

French Guiana and French Caribbean

In French Guiana and the French Caribbean, the celebration is known as . It follows a similar structure.

Mexico

In Mexico, the is adorned with elegant jewelry and makeup. By tradition, this was to be the first time she would wear makeup in public, but in the 21st century, girls start using makeup at an earlier age. The is also expected to wear a formal evening dress, traditionally a long, elegant ball gown chosen by the girl and most often, her mother, according to her favorite color and style.

In the Mexican Catholic tradition, the celebration begins with a thanksgiving Mass. She arrives at church accompanied by her parents, godparents, and court of honor. The court of honor is a group of her chosen peers consisting of paired-off girls and boys, respectively known as (dames) and ( chamberlains). Typically, the court consists of pairs ranging from 7 to 15 and . At this religious mass, a Rosary, or sometimes a necklace with a locket or pendant depicting Mexico's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, is presented to the teenager by her godparents, the necklace or rosary having been previously blessed by the priest. She is also awarded a tiara, which serves as a reminder that to her loved ones, especially her immediate family, the will always be a princess. Some also see it as denoting that she is a "princess" before God and the world. After this, the girl may leave her bouquet of flowers on the altar for the Virgin Mary.

After the thanksgiving mass, guests gather for a celebratory reception where the events to honor the will take place, including giving gifts. This reception may be held at the 's home, at venues (such as dining halls, banquet halls, or casinos), or in some cases, in more public places, similar to a block party. During the reception, the birthday girl usually dances a traditional waltz with her father to a song chosen by both that speaks about the occasion and their relationship. Then her father passes her to the , her chosen escort, and afterward they continue the dance with the rest of her court of honor. Often this section of the celebration is previously practiced and/or choreographed, often weeks in advance, sometimes even with months of anticipation.

The basic reception has six major parts''Quinceañera Terms''.
Beverly Clark Enterprises. 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2012. with dances taking place while a traditional Mexican meal is served:
# The formal entry () – A grand entrance made by the once most guests have been seated.
# The formal toast ()– An optional but usually featured part of the reception, generally initiated by the parents or godparents of the birthday girl.
# The first dance – Usually a waltz where the girl dances, starting with her father.
# The family dance – Usually a waltz involving just the immediate relatives, the , godparents, and the closest friends of the girl.
# The preferred song () – Any modern song particularly enjoyed by the is played and danced.
# The general dance – Also usually a traditional waltz.
Traditionally, Mexican girls could not dance in public until they turned 15, except at school dances or at family events. So the waltz with her is choreographed and elaborate to celebrate what was meant to be the 's first public dance.

Some families may choose to add a ceremonial components to the celebration, depending on local customs. Among them are the ceremony of the Change of Shoes, in which a family member presents the with her first pair of high heel shoes; the Crowning ceremony, in which a close relative places a crown on her head; and (literally "ceremony of the last doll"), during which her father presents her with a doll usually wearing a dress similar to the . The ceremony of the last doll is based on a Maya tradition; it is related to the birthday girl's later giving up of the doll as she grows into womanhood.

Once all symbolic gestures have taken place, the dinner is begun. At this point, the celebration reaches its peak; live musical groups begin playing music, keeping the guests entertained. The music is played while the guests dine, chat, mingle, and dance.
The next morning the family and closest friends may also attend a special breakfast, especially if they are staying with the family. Sometimes what is known as a (re-warming) takes place in which any food not consumed during the event of the night before is warmed again for a brunch type event.

The celebration of a quinceañera party is a strong tradition for the majority of Mexicans, especially among families of rural and low-socioeconomic origins; but it is common for girls of middle- and upper-socioeconomic class to dismiss the tradition as ("tacky"). In recent years, many girls, mostly from the Mexico City suburbs, tend to prefer a small party with their close family or friends, and ask for a paid vacation, instead of having their families invest a lot of money on a party.

Spain

are growing in popularity in Spain, which sees frequent emigration from the countries of the former Spanish Empire. The demand has grown so much that Spanish event companies now specialize in organizing parties for Latin American communities across Spain, where events typically cost thousands of euros and guests number in the hundreds. According to Luisa Sánchez-Rivas, a Spanish sociolinguist who specializes in liminality, the parties are considered especially significant for Latin American immigrants in Spain as a way to protect and preserve their non-Spanish cultural identity. The concept has not caught on among Spaniards, although one company in Madrid that specializes in organized one for a girl from a Spanish family.

United States

While in most of the United States it is customary to celebrate a sweet sixteen, a is common in Puerto Rico and within Hispanic communities throughout the country. Quinceañeras were noted to be celebrated in the mid- to late 1970s in Los Angeles and San Diego and in the early 1980s in different parts of Texas. Though they may not have been widespread, many working-class families could afford because the and pitch in for the costs. In recent years, have gained popularity in the United States. Books and other publications about distributed in the United States increasingly include English versions to the original works in Spanish. This shows the increasing influence of Hispanic and Latino culture within the broader American culture.Najera-Ramirez, Olga. ''Chicana Traditions: Continuity and Change''. Ed. Norma Cantu. (2002). Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Web The increasing popularity of the celebration has begun to lead to an uptick in retailers and businesses catering directly to young Hispanic or Latina women.

New traditions

In the 21st century, many girls create their own celebrations. Whereas traditional dresses were formal and usually white or pink only, dress designs are now more varied. Also, instead of having the traditional seven and seven , the may pick all or all . Traditionally, girls were not allowed to dance in public until turning 15, but this taboo has also receded significantly. The ceremony of the Changing of the Shoes has also been modified. Instead of wearing slippers before ceremonially exchanging them for high heels, a girl may decide to wear shoes compatible with the color and style of her dress instead of donning the traditional slippers.

Celebrity

* Eva Longoria
* Francia Raisa
* Bella Thorne
*Aimee Garcia
* Jacqueline Saburido
* Kenia Sosa, daughter of MLB player Sammy Sosa
* Justina Machado
* Chiquis Rivera, daughter of the late Jenni Rivera

specials

Notable -related movies and television episodes
*'' Wizards of Waverly Place'' - "Quinceañera"
*'' Stuck in the Middle'' - "Stuck In the Quinceaňera", "Stuck In a Fakeout", "Stuck In Harley's Quinceaňera"
*'' George Lopez'' - "Bringing Home the Bacon"
*'' Quiero Mis Quinces''
*'' My Super Sweet 16'' - "Janelle", "Alexa", "Stephanie", and "Alana"
*''Party Mamas''
*'' Cake Boss''
*'' Sweet 15''
*'' Quinceañera''
*'' Superstore'' - S4 E17 "Quinceañera"
*'' One Day at a Time''
*'' Jack Ryan'' - S2E2: "Tertiary Optio"
*''Top Chef'' - "Quinceaňera"
*''Austin & Ally'' - "Quinceaňeras & Clubs"
*'' On My Block'' - S1 E7 "Chapter Seven"
*'' The Fosters'' - S1 E4 "Quinceañera"
*'' Taina'' - Quinceañero
*'' Sweet 15: Quinceañera''
*'' Dora the Explorer'' - "Daisy, La Quinceañera"
*''Handy Manny'' - S2 E31 "Quinceañera"
*'' High School Musical: The Musical: The Series'' - S2 E5 "The Quinceañero"
*'' McFarland, USA''
*'' The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder'', S1 E9 "Raging Bully"
*'' Elena of Avalor'', S1 E18 "My Fair Naomi"
*''Superman & Lois'', S2 E5 "Girl, You’ll Be a Woman Soon"
*'' The Casagrandes''; S3 E6 15 Candles
*'' The Runaways''
* High School Musical: The Musical: The Series - S2 E5
Christmas With You

See also

* Bar and bat mitzvah
* Confirmation
* Cotillion ball
* Debutante
*
* Philippine debut
* Sweet sixteen (birthday)
* Rite of passage
* Cug Huê Hng

References

Notes

Bibliography
* Härkönen, Heidi
"Girls' 15-Year Birthday Celebration as Cuban Women's Space Outside of the Revolutionary State"
''Journal of the Association of Social Anthropologists'', July 2011
* Mitchell, Caludia and Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline. ''Girl Culture: Studying Girl Culture – A Readers' Guide''. ABC-CLIO 2008, , pp. 493–496 ()
* Stavans, Ilans (ed.) ''Quinceaņera''. ABC-CLIO, 2010,

External links

*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quinceanera
Articles containing video clips
Birthdays
Debutante balls
Latin American culture
Mexican culture
Rites of passage