In
structural geology
Structural geology is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. The primary goal of structural geology is to use measurements of present-day rock geometries to uncover informati ...
and
diagenesis
Diagenesis () is the process that describes physical and chemical changes in sediments first caused by water-rock interactions, microbial activity, and compaction after their deposition. Increased pressure and temperature only start to play ...
, pressure solution or pressure dissolution is a
deformation mechanism
A deformation mechanism, in geology, is a process occurring at a microscopic scale that is responsible for changes in a material's internal structure, shape and volume. The process involves planar discontinuity and/or displacement of atoms from th ...
that involves the
dissolution of minerals at
grain-to-grain contacts into an
aqueous
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is mostly shown in chemical equations by appending (aq) to the relevant chemical formula. For example, a solution of table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), in water would be r ...
pore fluid in areas of relatively high
stress and either deposition in regions of relatively low stress within the same rock or their complete removal from the rock within the fluid. It is an example of
diffusive mass transfer
Mass transfer is the net movement of mass from one location (usually meaning stream, phase, fraction or component) to another. Mass transfer occurs in many processes, such as absorption, evaporation, drying, precipitation, membrane filtrati ...
.
The detailed
kinetics of the process was reviewed by Rutter (1976), and since then such kinetics has been used in
many applications in earth sciences.
Occurrence
Evidence for pressure solution has been described from sedimentary rocks that have only been affected by
compaction. The most common example of this is
bedding plane parallel
stylolite
Stylolites (Greek: ''stylos'', pillar; ''lithos'', stone) are serrated surfaces within a rock mass at which mineral material has been removed by pressure dissolution, in a deformation process that decreases the total volume of rock. Minerals wh ...
s developed in
carbonates
A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula . The word ''carbonate'' may also refer to a carbonate ester, an organic compound containing the carbonate ...
.
In a tectonic manner, deformed rocks also show evidence of pressure solution including stylolites at a high angle to bedding. The process is also thought to be an important part of the development of
cleavage.
Theoretical models
A theoretical model was formulated by Rutter, and a recent mathematical analysis was carried out, leading
to the so-called Fowler–Yang equations,
which can explain the transition behaviour of pressure solution.
See also
*
Fick's laws of diffusion
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were derived by Adolf Fick in 1855. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, . Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law which in turn is identical to the diffusion ...
*
Fold (geology)
In structural geology, a fold is a stack of originally planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, that are bent or curved during permanent deformation. Folds in rocks vary in size from microscopic crinkles to mountain-sized folds. They occur ...
*
Rock microstructure
Rock microstructure includes the texture and small-scale structures of a rock. The words ''texture'' and ''microstructure'' are interchangeable, with the latter preferred in modern geological literature. However, ''texture'' is still acceptable ...
*
Stylolite
Stylolites (Greek: ''stylos'', pillar; ''lithos'', stone) are serrated surfaces within a rock mass at which mineral material has been removed by pressure dissolution, in a deformation process that decreases the total volume of rock. Minerals wh ...
*
Terzaghi's principle
References
Limestone
Petrology concepts
Sedimentary rocks
Structural geology
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