In
histology
Histology,
also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
(microscopic
anatomy
Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having it ...
), the lobules of liver, or hepatic lobules, are small divisions of the
liver defined at the microscopic scale. The hepatic lobule is a building block of the liver
tissue, consisting of a portal triad,
hepatocytes arranged in linear cords between a
capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (μm) in diameter. Capillaries are composed of only the tunica intima, consisting of a thin wall of simple squamous endothelial cells. They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: ...
network, and a
central vein.
Lobules are different from the
lobes of liver
In human anatomy, the liver is divided grossly into four parts or lobes: the right lobe, the left lobe, the caudate lobe, and the quadrate lobe. Seen from the front – the diaphragmatic surface - the liver is divided into two lobes: the right ...
: they are the smaller divisions of the lobes. The two-dimensional microarchitecture of the liver can be viewed from different perspectives:
The term "hepatic lobule", without qualification, typically refers to the classical lobule.
Structure
The hepatic lobule can be described in terms of metabolic "zones", describing the hepatic
acinus
An acinus (; plural, acini; adjective, acinar or acinous) refers to any cluster of cells that resembles a many-lobed "berry," such as a raspberry ('' acinus'' is Latin for "berry"). The berry-shaped termination of an exocrine gland, where th ...
(terminal acinus). Each zone is centered on the line connecting two
portal triads and extends outwards to the two adjacent central veins. The periportal zone I is nearest to the entering vascular supply and receives the most oxygenated blood, making it least sensitive to ischemic injury while making it very susceptible to viral hepatitis. Conversely, the centrilobular zone III has the poorest oxygenation, and will be most affected during a time of ischemia.
Portal triad
A portal triad (also known as portal canal, portal field, portal area, or portal tract) is a distinctive arrangement within lobules. It consists of the following five structures:
*
proper hepatic artery
The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepatic artery) is the artery that supplies the liver and gallbladder. It raises from the common hepatic artery, a branch of the celiac artery.
Structure
The hepatic artery proper arises from the common h ...
, an arteriole branch of the hepatic artery that supplies oxygen
*
hepatic portal vein
The portal vein or hepatic portal vein (HPV) is a blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver. This blood contains nutrients and toxins extracted from digested contents. Appr ...
, a venule branch of the portal vein, with blood rich in nutrients but low in oxygen
* one or two small
bile duct
A bile duct is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry bile, and is present in most vertebrates.
Bile is required for the digestion of food and is secreted by the liver into passages that carry bile toward the hepatic duct. ...
ules of cuboidal epithelium, branches of the
bile
Bile (from Latin ''bilis''), or gall, is a dark-green-to-yellowish-brown fluid produced by the liver of most vertebrates that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile ...
conducting system.
*
lymphatic vessels
* branch of the
vagus nerve
The misnomer "portal triad" traditionally has included only the first three structures, and was named before lymphatic vessels were discovered in the structure. It can refer both to the largest branch of each of these vessels running inside the
hepatoduodenal ligament
The hepatoduodenal ligament is the portion of the lesser omentum extending between the porta hepatis of the liver and the superior part of the duodenum.
Running inside it are the following structures collectively known as the portal triad:
* he ...
, and to the smaller branches of these vessels inside the liver.
In the smaller portal triads, the four vessels lie in a network of
connective tissue and are surrounded on all sides by
hepatocytes. The ring of hepatocytes abutting the connective tissue of the triad is called the
periportal limiting plate.
File:Portal triad.JPG, Portal triad
File:Gray1093.png, Labeled sketch of a portal canal
File:Leber Glisson (Ratte).jpg, Portal triad of a rat liver, ''1'' branch of hepatic artery, ''2'' branch of portal vein, ''3'' bile duct
File:Liver portal triad.png, Portal triad of mouse liver. 1= bile duct, 2= branch of hepatic artery, 3= branch of portal vein, 4= lymphatic vessels
Periportal space
The periportal space ( la, spatium periportale), or periportal space of Mall,
is a space between the stroma of the
portal canal and the outermost
hepatocytes in the hepatic lobule, and is thought to be one of the sites where
lymph originates in the liver.
Fluid (residual blood plasma) that is not taken up by hepatocytes drains into the periportal space, and is taken up by the lymphatic vessels that accompany the other
portal triad constituents.
Function
Zones differ by function:
* zone I hepatocytes are specialized for oxidative liver functions such as
gluconeogenesis,
β-oxidation of fatty acids and
cholesterol synthesis
* zone III cells are more important for
glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose () into pyruvate (). The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ...
,
lipogenesis
In biochemistry, lipogenesis is the conversion of fatty acids and glycerol into fats, or a metabolic process through which acetyl-CoA is converted to triglyceride for storage in fat. Lipogenesis encompasses both fatty acid and triglyceride s ...
and
cytochrome P-450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that functions as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various comp ...
-based drug detoxification.
This specialization is reflected histologically; the detoxifying zone III cells have the highest concentration of
CYP2E1 and thus are most sensitive to
NAPQI
NAPQI, also known as NAPBQI or ''N''-acetyl-''p''-benzoquinone imine, is a toxic byproduct produced during the xenobiotic metabolism of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is normally produced only in small amounts, and then almost imme ...
production in
acetaminophen
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a medication used to treat fever and mild to moderate pain. Common brand names include Tylenol and Panadol.
At a standard dose, paracetamol only slightly decreases body temperature; it is inferior ...
toxicity.
Other zonal injury patterns include zone I deposition of
hemosiderin in
hemochromatosis and zone II necrosis in
yellow fever.
Clinical significance
Bridging fibrosis, a type of
fibrosis
Fibrosis, also known as fibrotic scarring, is a pathological wound healing in which connective tissue replaces normal parenchymal tissue to the extent that it goes unchecked, leading to considerable tissue remodelling and the formation of perma ...
seen in several types of liver injury, describes fibrosis from the central vein to the portal triad.
See also
*
Porta hepatis
The porta hepatis or transverse fissure of the liver is a short but deep fissure, about 5 cm long, extending transversely beneath the left portion of the right lobe of the liver, nearer its posterior surface than its anterior border.
It joi ...
References
External links
Histology at siumed.edu*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobules Of Liver
Liver anatomy