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Parvipelvia (
Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
for "little pelvis" - ''parvus'' meaning "little" and ''pelvis'' meaning "pelvis") is an extinct clade of euichthyosaur ichthyosaurs that existed from the
Late Triassic The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Middle Triassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. ...
to the early
Late Cretaceous The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', ...
(middle Norian to Cenomanian) of
Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...
, Australia,
Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...
, North America and
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...
. Named by Ryosuke Motani, in 1999, it contains the basal taxa like '' Macgowania'' and '' Hudsonelpidia''. Maisch and Matzke (2000) found in their analysis seven synapomorphies that support Parvipelvia. They also found 10 synapomorphies that support the existence of post-Triassic clade of ichthyosaurs (all parvipelvians excluding ''Macgowania'' and ''Hudsonelpidia''), for which the name Neoichthyosauria was found to be available. Parvipelvians were the only ichthyosaurs to survive the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.


Phylogeny

Parvipelvia is a node-based taxon defined in 1999 as "the last common ancestor of ''Hudsonelpidia'', ''Macgowania'', ''
Ichthyosaurus ''Ichthyosaurus'' (derived from Greek ' () meaning 'fish' and ' () meaning 'lizard') is a genus of ichthyosaurs from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian - Pliensbachian), with possible Late Triassic record, from Europe ( Belgium, England, Germany, ...
'' and all of its descendants". Maisch and Matzke (2000) also defined Neoichthyosauria which is a node-based taxon originally named by P. Martin Sander in 2000, as "the last common ancestor of '' Temnodontosaurus trigonodon'' and '' Ophthalmosaurus icenicus'' and all of its descendants". The
cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...
s below follows Motani (1999) and Maisch and Matzke (2000).


References

Ichthyosaurs Late Triassic ichthyosaurs Early Jurassic ichthyosaurs Middle Jurassic ichthyosaurs Late Jurassic ichthyosaurs Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs Late Cretaceous ichthyosaurs Norian first appearances Turonian extinctions Cretaceous reptiles of Asia Cretaceous reptiles of Australia Cretaceous reptiles of Europe Early Cretaceous reptiles of North America Late Cretaceous reptiles of North America Cretaceous reptiles of South America Jurassic reptiles of Asia Jurassic reptiles of Europe Early Jurassic reptiles of North America Middle Jurassic reptiles of North America Late Jurassic reptiles of North America Jurassic reptiles of South America Late Triassic reptiles of Asia Late Triassic reptiles of Europe Late Triassic ichthyosaurs of North America Late Triassic reptiles of South America Ichthyosaurs of Europe {{ichthyosaur-stub