Musculoskeletal injury refers to damage of

muscular Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of muscle ...

skeletal system A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of an animal. There are several types of skeletons, including the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside ...

s, which is usually due to a strenuous activity and includes damage to skeletal muscles,

bones A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and ...

, tendons, joints, ligaments, and other affected

soft tissues Soft tissue is all the tissue in the body that is not hardened by the processes of ossification or calcification such as bones and teeth. Soft tissue connects, surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, liga ...

. In one study, roughly 25% of approximately 6300 adults received a musculoskeletal injury of some sort within 12 months—of which 83% were activity-related. Musculoskeletal injury spans into a large variety of

medical specialties A medical specialty is a branch of medical practice that is focused on a defined group of patients, diseases, skills, or philosophy. Examples include those branches of medicine that deal exclusively with children (paediatrics), cancer (oncology), ...

including orthopedic surgery (with diseases such as

arthritis Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some ...

requiring surgery), sports medicine, emergency medicine ( acute presentations of joint and muscular pain) and

rheumatology Rheumatology (Greek ''ῥεῦμα'', ''rheûma'', flowing current) is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and management of disorders whose common feature is inflammation in the bones, muscles, joints, and internal organs. Rheumatolog ...

(in rheumatological diseases that affect joints such as rheumatoid arthritis). Musculoskeletal injuries can affect any part of the human body including; bones, joints,

cartilage Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue. In tetrapods, it covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints as articular cartilage, and is a structural component of many body parts including the rib cage, the neck an ...

s, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and other soft tissues. Symptoms include mild to severe aches, low back pain, numbness, tingling,

atrophy Atrophy is the partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body. Causes of atrophy include mutations (which can destroy the gene to build up the organ), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, loss of nerve supply t ...

and weakness. These injuries are a result of repetitive motions and actions over a period of time. Tendons connect muscle to bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons and ligaments play an active role in maintain joint stability and controls the limits of joint movements, once injured tendons and ligaments detrimentally impact motor functions.Frievalds, A. (2011). ''Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs : Mechanics, Modeling and Musculoskeletal Injuries, Second Edition'' (2nd edition.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor and Francis. Continuous exercise or movement of a musculoskeletal injury can result in

chronic inflammation Chronic systemic inflammation (SI) is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune system. It can contribute to the development or progression of certain conditions s ...

with progression to permanent damage or disability. In many cases, during the healing period after a musculoskeletal injury, a period in which the healing area will be completely immobile, a cast-induced

muscle atrophy Muscle atrophy is the loss of skeletal muscle mass. It can be caused by immobility, aging, malnutrition, medications, or a wide range of injuries or diseases that impact the musculoskeletal or nervous system. Muscle atrophy leads to muscle weakness ...

can occur. Routine sessions of physiotherapy after the cast is removed can help return strength in limp muscles or tendons. Alternately, there exist different methods of

electrical stimulation Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. More specifically, FES can ...

of the immobile muscles which can be induced by a device placed underneath a cast, helping prevent atrophies Preventative measures include correcting or modifying one’s postures and avoiding awkward and abrupt movements. It is beneficial to rest post injury to prevent aggravation of the injury. There are three stages of progressing from a musculoskeletal injury; Cause, Disability and Decision. The first stage arises from the injury itself whether it be overexertion, fatigue or muscle degradation. The second stage involves how the individual’s ability is detrimentally affected as disability affects both physical and

cognitive functions Cognitive skills, also called cognitive functions, cognitive abilities or cognitive capacities, are brain-based skills which are needed in acquisition of knowledge, manipulation of information and reasoning. They have more to do with the mechanisms ...

of an individual. The final stage, decision, is the individual’s decision to return to work post recovery as Musculoskeletal injuries compromise movement and physical ability which ultimately degrades one’s professional career.

Repetitive use injuries

Injury can be described as a ‘mechanical disruption of tissues resulting in pain.' Despite the fact tissues can self-repair, muscle degradation occurs after repeated and prolonged use. Overuse and strain injuries can occur at work, physical activity and daily life. Repetitive motions strain our musculoskeletal systems, if continued in an improper form can result in chronic inflammation with progression to permanent damage. These injuries can compromise an individual’s

posture Posture or posturing may refer to: Medicine * Human position ** Abnormal posturing, in neurotrauma ** Spinal posture ** List of human positions * Posturography, in neurology Other uses * Posture (psychology) In humans, posture can provide a ...

or other physical abilities, including fine motor movements. Nerves play an important role in repetitive strain injuries as it is nerves that get pulled in injured soft tissues ultimately affecting motor functions. Pressure on the nerve will impair blood flow which can impair either

distal Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position prov ...

or proximal points to the first injury and cause pain. Tendons connect muscle to bone whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons and ligaments play an active role in maintain joint stability and controls the limits of joint movements, once injured tendons and ligaments detrimentally impact motor functions. Injuries associated with repetitive-use activities include:

tennis elbow Tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis or enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis origin, is a condition in which the outer part of the elbow becomes painful and tender. The pain may also extend into the back of the forearm. Onset ...

tendonitis Tendinopathy, a type of tendon disorder that results in pain, swelling, and impaired function. The pain is typically worse with movement. It most commonly occurs around the shoulder ( rotator cuff tendinitis, biceps tendinitis), elbow (tennis el ...

wrist In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal ...

injuries,

myelopathy Myelopathy describes any neurologic deficit related to the spinal cord. The most common form of myelopathy in humans, '' cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM)'', also called ''degenerative cervical myelopathy'', results from narrowing of the spin ...

, low back injuries and lower leg and ankle injuries. Repetitive use injuries are a result of rapid and continuous movements, long duration postures without adequate support. Excessive muscle use results in fatigue which limits movement of limbs.

Forms of musculoskeletal injuries

acute injury Major trauma is any injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death. There are many causes of major trauma, blunt and penetrating, including falls, motor vehicle collisions, stabbing wounds, and gunshot wounds. Depending ...

can be traced back to a specific incident, causing immediate pain and often swelling. On the other hand, a Chronic injury does not have a distinct origin, it develops slowly, is persistent and long lasting, and it is accompanied by dull pain, aches or soreness. $Metacarpal fractures$

Neck and shoulder injury

The shoulder is a joint which allows your arm to move Poor posture can lead to nerve damage. Repetitive shoulder movements, overhead, swinging, throwing or circling movement can cause musculoskeletal injury. Some cases can result in spinal cord damage at the C3-C5 levels, producing a

which can dramatically compromise overall movements in arm and legs as well as other fine motor functions. Injury to the

rotator cuff The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the human shoulder and allow for its extensive range of motion. Of the seven scapulohumeral muscles, four make up the rotator cuff. The four muscles are the supra ...

Is a result of trauma and old age, complete and partial tears are more frequent in older patients caused by degeneration of the tendons.

Wrist and hand injury

Wrist mobility is often restricted due to inflammation of the forearm muscles as they contract and tighten due to injury. Most wrist

dislocations In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a linear crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure that contains an abrupt change in the arrangement of atoms. The movement of dislocations allow atoms to s ...

occur between the

capitate The capitate bone is a bone in the human wrist found in the center of the carpal bone region, located at the distal end of the radius and ulna bones. It articulates with the third metacarpal bone (the middle finger) and forms the third carpomet ...

and the

lunate Lunate is a crescent or moon-shaped microlith. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking. In the Natufian period, a lu ...

. Carpal fractures are caused by falling on an outstretched hand the wrist is hyper-extended in

ulna The ulna (''pl''. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. That is, the ulna is on the same side of t ...

r deviation with a component of rotation. Swelling of the Median nerve tissue leads to nerve entrapment ultimately resulting in restriction of movement, other symptoms include; pain, numbness and weakness. DeQuervain’s Tenosynovitis is a form of tendinitis of the muscles that move the thumb.

Leg and foot injury

Most leg pain is transferred pain from our backs or hips. Foot injuries including

plantar fasciitis Plantar fasciitis or plantar heel pain (PHP) is a disorder of the plantar fascia, which is the connective tissue which supports the arch of the foot. It results in pain in the heel and bottom of the foot that is usually most severe with the fi ...

is another source of pain which is associated with-standing for long periods. There are three major tendons that maintain stability at the ankle joint; anterior extensors, medial flexors and lateral peroneal, these tendons facilitate movement around the ankle, foot and toes. Malleolar fractures are related to ankle twisting or shearing injury, these fractures are often associated with ligament injury. An ankle sprain can lead to a spectrum of soft tissue impingement reducing motion in the ankle.

Spinal and neck injury

The spinal column has five sections consisting of thirty three individual

vertebra The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates,Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic ...

e separated by cushioning discs, the upper three sections are movable and the lower two are fixed. Nerve compression is a result of poor posture, prolonged computer use is an example of

repetitive strain injury A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury to part of the musculoskeletal or nervous system caused by repetitive use, vibrations, compression or long periods in a fixed position. Other common names include repetitive stress disorders, cumula ...

which affects the musculoskeletal system.

Whiplash injury Whiplash is a non-medical term describing a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck associated with extension, although the exact injury mechanisms remain unknown. The term "whiplash" is a colloquia ...

, whereby the force causes strain to the capsule and ligaments of the apophyseal joints of the

cervical spine In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. In sau ...

. Hyper-flexion is a common mechanism of injury in the cervical spine associated with an anterior compression vector and a posterior distraction vector. These injuries are associated with diving injuries, falls and car accidents. Anterior compression vector results in mild height loss, whereas hyper-extension often occurs with the posterior displacement of the head in car crashes. Severe hyper-extension injury leads to pinching of the spinal cord along the posterior margin of the body.

Elbow injury

The upper arm and the forearm meet to form the elbow joint. Examples of injuries affected on an elbow include;

Carpal tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the collection of symptoms and signs associated with median neuropathy at the carpal tunnel. Most CTS is related to idiopathic compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunn ...

Radial Tunnel Syndrome Radial tunnel syndrome (RTS) is caused by increased pressure on the radial nerve as it travels from the upper arm (the brachial plexus) to the hand and wrist. Symptoms and signs Radial tunnel syndrome causes posterolateral elbow pain that is simil ...

and

, all of which are due to tendon and ligament damage from overuse or strain. Distal humeral fractures are related to high energy trauma from falling from a height or in a motor vehicle accident, this results in stiffness and restricted range of motion. Elbow dislocation and radial head or neck fractures are common when one falls on an outstretched hand. Elbow Dislocations are divided into two categories; Simple and complex. Simple dislocations are defined as soft tissue injury whereas complex involves a fracture.

Injury prevention

Preventing injuries to workers is essential to maintain an effective organisational management. Repetitive injuries can be prevented by early medical intervention as an effective way to prevent permanent injury. Injuries can be prevented by understanding proper body mechanics. Correcting one’s postures, avoiding abrupt and awkward movements will avoid acute injury. Taking breaks to change your position and moving about instead of remaining static can also reduce risk of injury. Daily body stretches can help elevate pain from hamstrings, back and neck. Creating healthy awareness through social media and celebrities further allow individuals to create healthy practices which ultimately prevent injury. It is essential for a work environment to comply with

safety standards Safety standards are standards designed to ensure the safety of products, activities and processes, etc. They may be advisory or compulsory and are normally laid down by an advisory or regulatory body that may be either voluntary or statutory. In ...

. Workplaces should have upper management implement safety precautions making health and safety the primary goal. Implementation of company policies and procedures in case of serious incident or fatality. Other strategies such as substances abuse programs are effective at reducing the potential for injuries. If musculoskeletal injuries are not prevented, they can develop and become debilitating. Heat and cold are used to facilitate the healing process, if applied immediately after an acute injury or overuse strain, it will reduce pain and swelling. A healthy workspace is also substantially important including; floor surfaces, ergonomic seating, working heights, working rates and task variability. Understanding the symptoms of

repetitive strain injuries A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury to part of the musculoskeletal or nervous system caused by repetitive use, vibrations, compression or long periods in a fixed position. Other common names include repetitive stress disorders, cumula ...

such as; Numbness of arms, hands or legs, aches and pains of joints, shoulder and back pain and tingling or burning of arms, legs and feet, allow an individual to self-diagnose and seek medical attention to prevent further aggravation. Pain is the body’s natural way to alert an individual to rest. It is important to rest, if ignored can lead to further problems. It is crucial not to further aggravate the injury and compromise one’s physical movement as it can detrimentally impact general health. Sustaining a secondary injury has a large risk whilst recovering from an initial injury.

Injury recovery

Injuries often limit physical activity and result in immobilisation which is a significant factor in recovery. Symptoms vary from, numbness, tingling,

and weakness which can ultimately lead to permanent damage and disability. Neural injury recovery in acute strokes are compensated with the help of medical drugs. Pilates-hamstring-stretch

Repeating motions and actions whilst performing an activity increases an individual’s risk of accumulating acute musculoskeletal injuries. Factors that affect sustaining these injuries include; duration of activity, the force required to complete the activity, the environment of the workplace and work postures. Although, specially advised exercises with

stretching Stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon (or muscle group) is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone. The result is a feeling ...

promotes blood circulation and increase range of motion and ultimately help decrease muscle tension. Our immune system is our natural mechanism which manages injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Inflammation, redness, swollen tissue are all part of the healing process, during this process new cells are generated to form new tissue. Macro-nutrients are essential components for tissue regeneration. Proteins, carbohydrates and

fat In nutrition, biology, and chemistry, fat usually means any ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. The term often refers specifically to triglycerides (triple est ...

s are crucial for new muscle tissues. Water allows all

biochemical processes Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology an ...

to take place including, elimination of waste and toxins via sweat and

urination Urination, also known as micturition, is the release of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. It is the urinary system's form of excretion. It is also known medically as micturition, voiding, uresis, ...

. On the other hand, Micro nutrients include; vitamins, minerals, enzymes, protect

cells Cell most often refers to: * Cell (biology), the functional basic unit of life Cell may also refer to: Locations * Monastic cell, a small room, hut, or cave in which a religious recluse lives, alternatively the small precursor of a monastery w ...

and DNA from oxidation damages which is evident in the inflammation response and recovery process.

Decision to return to work

Recovery is enhanced by doing activities that make an individual feel better. Recovery from an injury also consists of returning to work or physical exercise. Employers are legally required to provide suitable duties for the person returning to work. It is important to get medical advise on when to return to work. It is important to consider the physical demands of the job, the work environment when deciding to return to work. Once you are approved to return to work or physical exercise it is crucial to maintain both physical and psychological relapse.

References

External links

Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workplace
- U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Musculoskeletal_disorders_Single_Entry_Point_European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work
(OSHA).html" ;"title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">Musculoskeletal disorders Single Entry Point European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
(OSHA)">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">Musculoskeletal disorders Single Entry Point European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
(OSHA)
Good Practices to prevent Musculoskeletal disorders European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
(OSHA)]
Musculoskeletal disorders homepageHealth and Safety Executive
(HSE)
Hazards_and_risks_associated_with_manual_handling_of_loads_in_the_workplace_European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work
(OSHA).html" ;"title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">Hazards and risks associated with manual handling of loads in the workplace European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
(OSHA)">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">Hazards and risks associated with manual handling of loads in the workplace European Agency for Safety and Health at Work
(OSHA)* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Musculoskeletal Health Progra

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musculoskeletal injury Injuries Musculoskeletal disorders, Ergonomics Occupational diseases Overuse injuries Inflammations Tennis terminology Sports injuries Soft tissue disorders Tennis culture