A sketch of a Herreshoff multiple-hearth furnace, 400x400px A multiple hearth furnace also known as a vertical calciner, is used for continuous preparation and

calcining Calcination refers to thermal treatment of a solid chemical compound (e.g. mixed carbonate ores) whereby the compound is raised to high temperature without melting under restricted supply of ambient oxygen (i.e. gaseous O2 fraction of air), gener ...

of materials.

Working

The multiple hearth furnaces consist of several circular hearths or

kilns A kiln is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes. Kilns have been used for millennia to turn objects made from clay int ...

superimposed on each other. Material is fed from the top and is moved by the action of rotating "rabble arms", and the revolving mechanical rabbles attached to the arms move over the surface of each hearth to continuously shift the ore. The arms are attached to a rotating central shaft that passes through the center of the roaster. As the material is moved, the ore that is charged at the top hearth gradually moves downward as it passes through windows in the floor of each hearth or through alternate passages around the shaft and the periphery until it finally emerges at the bottom.

Gas

The oxidizing gases flow upward, i.e., counter-current to the descending charge. In a well-insulated roaster, external heating is unnecessary except when the charge is highly moist. The hearth at the top of the roaster dries and heats the charge. Ignition and

oxidation Redox (reduction–oxidation, , ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of substrate change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a ...

of the charge occur lower down.Ray, H.S. et al. (1985). Extraction of Nonferrous Metals. Affiliated East-West Press Private Limited. pp. 131,132. .

Variables

The hearths may be individually heated and the number, temperature, rotation rate, and size of each hearth determine the residence time and conditions for the calcining powder in order to achieve the desired final properties.

Structure of furnace

The individual hearths are lined with refractory brick, and the rabble arms are typically a force-cooled metal alloy. The entire structure is enclosed in a cylindrical brick-lined

steel Steel is an alloy made up of iron with added carbon to improve its strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Many other elements may be present or added. Stainless steels that are corrosion- and oxidation-resist ...

shell.

References

{{Reflist Smelting Metallurgical processes