morphological classification of Czech verbs
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verb A verb () is a word ( part of speech) that in syntax generally conveys an action (''bring'', ''read'', ''walk'', ''run'', ''learn''), an occurrence (''happen'', ''become''), or a state of being (''be'', ''exist'', ''stand''). In the usual descr ...
s can be classified (arranged in classes) in several ways. The verbal classes can be characterised in terms of their morphological properties. Verbs that belong to the same class typically accept the same range of suffixes (endings). This article concerns the morphological classification of the Czech verbs and the formation of their admissible forms (including, to some extent, bookish and archaic ones). The first attempts to classify Czech verbs from the morphological point of view were made in the 16th century, for example in Matouš Benešovský's ''Grammatica Bohemica'' from 1577. Vavřinec Benedikt Nudožerský in his work ''Grammaticæ bohemicæ libri duo'' (1603) distinguished four classes according to the present indicative ending of the 1st person singular: . Pavel Doležal in his ''Grammatica Slavico-Bohemica'' (1746), inspired by the Latin grammar, for the first time classified the Czech verbs according to the infinitive: I. (), II. (), III. (), IV. (), V. (), VI. () and, moreover, , i.e. an arbitrary list of several tens of "irregular" verbs including the athematic ones. The Czech (and generally Slavic) verbs have two distinct stems: the present stem (used in forming present indicative, imperative and present transgressive) and the infinitive stem (
infinitive Infinitive (abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is deri ...
, past and passive
participle In linguistics, a participle () (from Latin ' a "sharing, partaking") is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. More narrowly, ''participle'' has been defined as "a word derived from ...
s, past transgressive and
verbal noun A verbal noun or gerundial noun is a verb form that functions as a noun. An example of a verbal noun in English is 'sacking' as in the sentence "The sacking of the city was an epochal event" (''sacking'' is a noun formed from the verb ''sack''). ...
). Both stems are equally important and frequent, it means that there are two basic possibilities of systematic classification of the Czech (generally Slavic) verbs, based either on the present stems or on the infinitive stems. For comparison the Latin verbs have three distinct stems (present, perfect, supine) and their classification is traditionally based on the present stem (I. , II. , III. , IV. ), the infinitive itself is derived from the present stem (). As there are six types of the infinitive stem, there are also six corresponding classes (
Franz Miklosich Franz Miklosich (german: Franz Ritter von Miklosich, also known in Slovene as ; 20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovene philologist. Early life Miklosich was born in the small village of Radomerščak near the Lower Styrian town of Lju ...
, ''Formenlehre der slawischen Sprachen'', 1856 and Jan Gebauer, ''Historická mluvnice jazyka českého'', 1898), usually arranged in the following manner: I. , etc. ''(no stem suffix)'', II. , III. , IV. , V. , VI. . This classification is very similar to the Doležal's one (though the class order is different). The classification based on the present stem (e.g.
August Schleicher August Schleicher (; 19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist. His great work was ''A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages'' in which he attempted to reconstruct the Proto-Indo-European languag ...
, ''Formenlehre der kirchenslawischen Sprache'', 1852, and esp.
August Leskien August Leskien (; 8 July 1840 – 20 September 1916) was a German linguist active in the field of comparative linguistics, particularly relating to the Baltic and Slavic languages. Biography Leskien was born in Kiel. He studied philology at the ...
, ''Handbuch der altbulgarischen Sprache'', 2nd ed., 1886) distinguishes five classes, the classes I-IV have a distinct present stem suffix: I. , etc., II. , III. , IV. , V. (athematic consonantal present stems). The system presented in this article is a system based on the Leskien's classification, adapted to the contemporary Czech language. The main differences are: a) the few athematic (and highly irregular) verbs are treated separately, b) the contracted has moved from the class III to a new class V, c) the contracted has moved from the class III to the class IV.


Class I (-e-)

The indicative present stem suffix is -e- (nes-e-š, nes-e, nes-e-me, nes-e-te) except the 1st person sing. (nes-u < ''*nes-ǫ'') and the 3rd person plur. (nes-ou < ''nes-ú'' < ''*nes-ǫ-tъ''). ''1)'' reduced imperative endings used in most cases: nes (but nesiž), nesme, neste
''2)'' full imperative endings used if the root has no vowel: jmi, jměme, jměte
''3)'' after some consonants the original iotation has been lost, e.g. třete < ''třěte'' (so the modern imperative forms are undistinguishable from the present indicative forms) The verbs of this class are divided in three groups according to the infinitive stem.


Group 1

The infinitive stem has no suffix and is equal to the primary stem that ends in a consonant (nes-, vez-, ved-, plet-, pek-, moh-, záb-).


nese – nesl – ''nésti''

The primary stem ends in s or z (nes-, vez-). ''1)'' for ''třesu'' ↔ ''třasu'', etc. see Root vowel mutation ''(přísti)''
''2)'' ''hrýzti (hryze)'' is archaic („svědomí je ''hryze''“, ''OCz'' „črvie mě ''hryzú''“ = me vermes rodunt) → replaced by ''hryzati (hryže)'', obs. ''hrýzati (hrýže)''


vede – vedl – ''vésti''

The primary stem ends in d or t (ved-, plet-).
The infinitive ends in -sti (vésti < ''*ved-ti'', plésti < ''*plet-ti''). ''1)'' ''růsti < *orst-ti:'' pass. part. ''rosten'' is not in use, there is a noun ''růst'' instead of ''rostení''


peče – pekl ~ ''péci''

* The primary stem ends in k or h (pek-, moh- < ''*mog-''). * The infinitive ends in -ci (péci < ''*pek-ti'', moci < ''*mog-ti'').
Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the forms ''peču'', ''pečou'', ''peč'', ''péct'' instead of ''peku'', ''pekou'', ''pec'', ''péci'' and ''můžu'', ''můžou'', ''(-mož)'', ''moct'' instead of ''mohu'', ''mohou'', ''-moz'', ''moci''. ''1)'' ''říci:'' the present stem forms ''řku'', ''řčeš'', ''rci'', etc. are bookish ("…''rci'' mi pravdu a víc nic, jest v Gilead balzám těchy…") → replaced by the present stem forms of ''-řeknouti'' (the infinitive only with a prefix): ''řeknu, řekneš, řekni'' and ''-řknouti'' (prefixed): ''-řknu, -řkneš, -řkni''
''2)'' arch. ''stříci (střiže)'' → replaced by ''stříhati (stříhá), -střihnouti (-střihne)''
''3)'' arch. ''žíci (žže)'' → replaced by other verbs: ''žhnouti (žhne), -žehnouti (-žehne), páliti (pálí)''


zebe • zábl – zábsti

*The primary stem ends in b or p (zeb-, tep-). *The infinitive ends in -s-ti (inserted s). Note: In a similar conjugation, now obsolete, the primary stem ended in v, e.g. ''žíti (živ-e) < *živti'' (cf. ''živoucí, život'') → replaced by ''žíti (ži-je)'', similarly ''pléti (plev-e) < *plevti'' (cf. ''plevel'') → replaced by ''plíti (ple-je)'', see Class III.
The verbs of this type are obsolete except ''zábsti'' that is still in use. ''1)'' arch. ''hřébsti'' or ''hřésti (hřebe)'' → replaced by ''pohřbívati (pohřbívá)'', ''pohřbíti (pohřbí)''
''2)'' arch. ''skúbsti'' or ''skústi (skube)'' → replaced by ''škubati (škube)''
''3)'' arch. ''dlúbsti (dlube)'' → replaced by ''dlabati (dlabe)'', ''dloubati (dloubá)''; still used in some dialects ("proč do toho ''dlubeš''?")
''4)'' arch. ''tépsti (tepe)'' → replaced by ''tepati (tepe)''


Group 2

The infinitive stem has no distinctive suffix and ends in a vowel (ja-, tře-, mle-).


jme • jal – jíti (-níti) → jmouti

*The original stem ended in m or n (''*em-'', ''*pen-'', ''*dom-''). *The present stems: jme- < ''*j-ьm-e-'', pne- < ''*pьn-e-'', dme- < ''*dъm-e-'', etc. *The original infinitive: ''*j-ę-ti'' < ''*em-'', ''*pę-ti'' < ''*pen-'', ''*dǫ-ti'' < ''*dom-'', etc. N.B. The infinitive ''jmouti'' (see also Class II) is a newly created form as the original infinitive ''jíti (jme)'' < ''*jęti'' can be confused with the homonymous infinitive ''jíti (jde)'' < ''*iti''. The original infinitive ''jíti'' (after some prefixes ''-níti'') is mostly preserved in the prefixed verbs where the confusion is not an issue, e.g. ''vzíti (vezme)'' vs. ''vzejíti (vzejde)'', ''odníti (odejme)'' vs. ''odejíti (odejde)'', ''vyníti (vyjme)'' vs. ''vyjíti (vyjde)'', etc. However new infinitives like ''odejmouti, vyjmouti'' are also in use (''vzíti'' is an exception). ''1)'' The infinitive ''pnouti'' (see Class II) is a newly created form as the original infinitive ''píti (pne)'' < ''pieti'' < ''*pęti'' can be confused with the homonymous infinitive ''píti (pije)''. In contemporary Czech the original infinitive (''píti'') is not in use.
''2)'' The original verb ''míti (mne)'' < ''mieti'' < ''*męti'' (the infinitive of which could be confused with the athematic verb ''míti < jmieti'') has been replaced by a newly created verb ''mnouti (mne)'' with identical present stem forms (see Class II).
''3)'' The original verb ''kléti (klne)'' < ''*klęti'' has been replaced by two newly created verbs: ''klnouti (klne)'' with identical present stem forms (see Class II) and ''klíti (kleje)'' with identical infinitive stem forms (see Class III). The new verbs have slightly different meaning.
''4)'' The original verb ''dúti (dme)'' < ''*dǫti'' has been replaced by two newly created verbs: ''dmouti (dme)'' with identical present stem forms (see Class II) and ''douti (duje)'' with identical infinitive stem forms (see Class III). The new verbs have different meaning ("hruď se ''dme''", "vítr ''duje''").


tře • třel – tříti

*The original stem ended in r (''*ter-'').


mele • mlel – mlíti

*The original stem ended in l (''*mel-''). The forms ''mlen'', ''mlena'', etc. and ''mlení'' are less common.
There are no other verbs of this type except ''mlíti'' in contemporary Czech.


Group 3

The infinitive stem suffix is -a- (br-a-, zv-a-, maz-a-).


bere • bral – bráti

The present stem forms ''béřeš'', ''beř'', etc. are archaic.


zve • zval ~ ''zváti''

The present stem forms ''zovu'', ''zůveš'', ''zovi'', ''zova'', etc. are archaic ("moudrost sama k sobě hloupé ''zůve''").


maže • mazal ~ ''mazati''


Class II (-ne-)

The indicative present stem suffix is -ne- (tisk-ne-š, tisk-ne, tisk-ne-me, tisk-ne-te) except the 1st person sing. (tisk-nu < ''*tisk-nǫ'') and the 3rd person plur. (tisk-nou < ''tisk-nú'' < ''*tisk-nǫ-tъ''). The verbs of this class are divided in two groups according to the primary stem ending.


Group 1

The primary stem ends in a consonant except syllabic r or l (tisk-, h-).


tiskne • tiskl – tisknouti

The forms ''tisknul'', ''tisknut'', ''(s)tisknuv'', ''tisknutí'' are later created infinitive stem forms (formed regularly by using the suffix ''-nu-''). Literary Czech prefers the original shorter forms (without the suffix ''-nu-'') if they are in use (e.g. "dveře jsou ''zamčeny''" is better than "dveře jsou ''zamknuty''"). However some verbs use prevalently or exclusively the infinitive stem forms with the suffix ''-nu-''. In some cases there is a difference in usage (e.g. "kniha je ''tištěna''", but "ruka je ''tisknuta''").


pne • pnul, pjal – pnouti


Group 2

The primary stem ends in a vowel or syllabic r or syllabic l (ply-, tr-, kl-).


plyne • plynul – plynouti


Class III (-je-)

The indicative present stem suffix is -je- (kry-je-š, kry-je, kry-je-me, kry-je-te) except the 1st person sing. (kry-ji < ''kry-ju'' < ''*kry-jǫ'') and the 3rd person plur. (kry-jí < ''kry-jú'' < ''*kry-jǫ-tъ''). This class is divided in two groups according to the infinitive stem (1. kry-l, 2. dar-ova-l).


Group 1

The primary stem ends in a vowel (kry-, la-).


kryje • kryl ~ ''krýti''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the indicative present forms ''kryju'' and ''kryjou'' instead of ''kryji'' and ''kryjí''.


laje • lál ~ ''láti''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the indicative present forms ''laju'' and ''lajou'' instead of ''laji'' and ''lají''.


Group 2

The primary stem ends in a consonant except few verbs of foreign origin (e.g. kon-''stru''-uje-, kon-''stru''-ova-ti from Latin con-''stru''-ere).
The infinitive stem suffix is -ova- (dar-ova-l, dar-ova-ti).


daruje • daroval ~ ''darovati''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the forms ''daruju'' and ''darujou'' instead of ''daruji'' and ''darují''.


Class IV (-í-)

The indicative present stem suffix is -í- (pros-í-m, pros-í-š, pros-í, pros-í-me, pros-í-te, pros-í) except the 3rd person plur. of sázeti and uměti (sázejí, umějí). The verbs of this class are divided in two groups according to the infinitive stem (1. pros-i-l, 2. trp-ě-l/sáz-e-l).


Group 1

The infinitive stem suffix is -i- (pros-i-l, pros-i-ti).


prosí • prosil ~ ''prositi''

1) The passive participles ''spasen'', ''spasena'', etc. and the verbal noun ''spasení'' are in fact forms of the archaic verb ''spásti'' (see Class I-1). The corresponding forms of ''spasiti'' would be ''spašen'' and ''spašení'' (that are not in use).


Group 2

The infinitive stem suffix is -ě- or -e- (trp-ě-l, trp-ě-ti, sáz-e-l, sáz-e-ti, um-ě-l, um-ě-ti).


trpí • trpěl ~ ''trpěti''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the 3rd person plur. indicative present form ''trpěj'' besides ''trpí''.


sází • sázel ~ ''sázeti''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the 3rd person plur. indicative present forms ''sázej'' and ''sází'' besides ''sázejí''.


umí • uměl ~ ''uměti''

Common Czech Czech (; Czech ), historically also Bohemian (; ''lingua Bohemica'' in Latin), is a West Slavic languages, West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak languages, Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin alphabet, Latin script. Spoken by over 10 mi ...
uses the 3rd person plur. indicative present forms ''uměj'' and ''umí'' besides ''umějí''.


Class V (-á-)

The indicative present stem suffix is -á- (děl-á-m, děl-á-š, děl-á, děl-á-me, děl-á-te) except the 3rd person plur. (děl-a-jí < ''děl-a-jú'' < ''*dêl-a-jǫtъ''). The infinitive stem suffix is -a- (děl-a-ti, tes-a-ti). The verbs of this class are divided in two groups according to the original present stem suffix (1. ''*-a-je-'', 2. ''*-je-'').


Group 1

The indicative present stem suffix -á- is a contraction of the original suffix ''*-a-je-'' (děl-á- < ''*dêl-a-je-''). The 3rd person plural present indicative form as well as the present transgressive forms remain uncontracted (děl-a-jí < ''děl-a-jú'' < ''*dêl-a-jǫtъ'').


dělá – dělal – dělati

*The verbs of this type never create new forms by analogy with ''bráti (bere)'' or ''mazati (maže)'', Class I. Only the present stem forms with either the suffix -á- (contracted ''*-aje-'') or -aj- (> -ej- in imperative) are possible. Some other verbs:
dbáti impf. ''< tbáti < *tъbati'' : dbám, dbej, dbaje — dbal, (nezane)dbav, dbán, dbání;
zanedbati perf. : zanedbám, zanedbej, ''(zanedbávaje)'' — zanedbal, zanedbav, zanedbán, zanedbání;
znáti impf. : znám, znej, znaje — znal, (po)znav, znán, (po-,vy-,do-,u-)znání;
poznati perf. : poznám, poznej, ''(poznávaje)'' — poznal, poznav, poznán, poznání;
poznávati impf. : poznávám, poznávej, poznávaje — poznával, ''(poznav)'', poznáván, poznávání
nechati perf. : nechám, nechej (nech), ''(nechávaje)'' — nechal, nechav, nechán, nechání;
nechávati impf. : nechávám, nechávej, nechávaje — nechával, ''(nechav)'', necháván, nechávání;
obědvati denom. < ''*obêdъ'' : obědvám, obědvej, obědvaje — obědval, (po)obědvav, obědván, obědvání;
hráti ''< jhráti < *jьgrati'' : obs. ind. hrám, hráš … hrají (replaced by ''hraji'', ''hraješ …'', see ''láti'', Class III), hrej, hraje — obs. part. hral, hrali (replaced by ''hrál'', ''hráli'', see ''láti'', Class III), (se)hrav, hrán, hraní;
-dolati perf. (o-,z-,u-) : -dolám, -dolej, ''(-dolávaje)'' — -dolal, -dolav, -dolán, -dolání;
plácati (drncati, kecati, cucati, etc.) : plácám, plácej, plácaje — plácal, (u)plácav, plácán, plácání;


Group 2

The original present stem suffix was ''*-je-'', added directly to the consonantal primary stem (teš-e- < ''*tes-je-'') and not ''*-a-je-''. The new present stem suffix -á- in tes-á- is an analogy to děl-á- (see ''dělati'' in Group 1). The verbs of this group have two sets of the present stem forms (original ''teše'' and new ''tesá'').


tesá ∥ teše – tesal – tesati

* The primary stem ends in s or z (tes-, řez-). • In the case of common verbs both the new present stem forms (''tesá'', ''tesej'', etc.) and the original forms (''teše'', ''teš'', etc.) are commonly in use (e.g. ''„češe si vlasy – česá ovoce“'', ''„nakluše do práce – kůň klusá“'', etc.).
• In the case of less common verbs the original present stem forms are mostly bookish or dialectal (e.g. ''„hlad tě opáše“'', ''„břečka kyšíc proměňuje sloučenství“'', ''„vykaše si rukávy“'', etc.).
• The present indicative forms ''teši'' and ''teší'' (with endings -i < ''-u'' and -í < -''ú'') are bookish.
• The present transgressive forms are generally bookish, the forms ''teše'', ''tešíc'' even more than ''tesaje'', ''tesajíc''.
• The infinitive stem forms are regular, formed according to ''děl-a-ti'', ''maz-a-ti''. Some other verbs: hlásati : hlásá, hláše; — plesati : plesá, pleše; — kysati : kysá, kyše; — pásati (se) : pásá, páše ''(páchá, páše is a different verb)'' — kasati : kasá, kaše — kolísati : kolísá, kolíše; — knísati (se) : knísá, kníše; — klouzati : klouzá, klouže.


hýbá ∥ hýbe – hýbal – hýbati

* The primary stem ends in b, p, v, f or m (hýb-, klep-, plav-, klof-, dřím-). • The new present indicative forms (''hýbá'', etc.) and the original forms (''hýbe'', etc.) are equally frequent.
• The original present indicative forms ''hýbi'' and ''hýbí'' (with endings -i < ''-u'' and -í < -''ú'') are obsolete.
• The original present transgressive forms (''hýbě'', ''hýbíc'', etc.) are obsolete.
• The original imperative forms (''hyb'', ''hybte'', etc.) are obsolete with some exceptions (e.g. ''syp'', ''plav'').
• The infinitive stem forms are regular, formed according to ''děl-a-ti'', ''maz-a-ti''. Some other verbs: škrabati (or škrábati) : škrabá, škrabe; – drápati : drápá, drápe; – chrápati : chrápá, chrápe; – dupati : dupá, dupe; – loupati : loupá, loupe; – rýpati : rýpá, rýpe; – štípati : štípá, štípe; – šlapati : šlapá, šlape; – chápati : chápá, chápe; – sápati : sápá, sápe; – skřípati : skřípá, skřípe; – šlapati : šlapá, šlape; – tápati : tápá, tápe; – dřímati : dřímá, dříme; – klamati : klamá, klame; – lámati : lámá, láme; – plavati : plavá, plave.


orá ∥ oře – oral – orati

*The primary stem ends in r, l or n (or-, chrchl- ston-). • The original present stem forms are generally less frequent, in some cases they are archaic or dialectal (''„nemajíce sobě zač chleba kúpiti, chodili po domích žebříce“'', ''„proč se v tom šťářeš?“'').
• The present indicative forms ''oři'' and ''oří'' (with endings ''-i'' < -''u'' and ''-í'' < -''ú'') are bookish (''„polí svých oří“'').
• The infinitive stem forms are regular, formed according to ''děl-a-ti'', ''maz-a-ti''. Some other verbs: škemrati : škemrá, škemře; – krákorati : krákorá, krákoře; – čabrati : čabrá, čabře; – šťárati : šťárá, šťáře; – babrati : babrá, babře; – (s)bírati : (s)bírá, (s)bíře; – (u)mírati : (u)mírá, (u)míře ''impf. (umře is perf.)''; – (za)vírati : (za)vírá, (za)víře ''impf. (zavře is perf.)''; – plápolati : plápolá, plápole; – bublati : bublá, buble; – huhlati : huhlá, huhle; – dudlati : dudlá, dudle; – brblati : brblá, brble; – frflati : frflá, frfle. Examples of using original forms: ''„ktož uoře (< óře) chtě bohat býti“'' — ''„ten ůňvždy vůře“'' — ''„zemí našich nevořeme“'' — ''„jimi
oly Oly may refer to: * Oly, informal name for Olympia, Washington, United States * OLY (: ), postnominals granted to participants in the Olympics People with the name * Oly (born 1992), American singer-songwriter and musician * Oly Hicks (born 1968 ...
rolí oříce gypťané'' — ''„ti, kdo pod rouškou horlivosti jiné káří“'' — ''„co žehřeš proti snoubenci svému?“'' — ''„žehří naň všickni“'' — ''„Priamus proti Eneášovi žehře (= žehraje) takto vece“'' — ''„písně svoje skuhřeme“'' — ''„skuhřete, že zle zní naše řeč“'' — ''„pyšný žebrák nic nevyžebře“'' — ''„v zimě žebřú“'' — ''„máš křídla, že krákořeš?“'' — ''„kuře krákoře“'' — ''„ženy jako slepice krákoří“'' — ''„co se s tím babřeš?“'' — ''„škemře o pochopení“'' — ''„šťáře se v uchu“'' — ''„koně kašlou, chrchlí“'' — ''„ve škole všichni chrchlou“''.


pyká ∥ pyče – pykal – pykati

*The primary stem ends in k, h or ch (pyk-, strouh-, dých-). • The original present stem forms are generally less frequent, in most cases they are bookish or dialectal (e.g. ''„stýště se duši mé v životě mém“'', ''„nešlechetník nešlechetnost páše“'', ''„matka hrůzou sotva dýše“'', ''„zajíc v lese, a on rožeň strouže“'' — ''„co se mne týče“'' = as far as I am concerned ''(fixed expression)'' — ''„když jde pomalu, tak kulže“'', ''„co to říčete?“'', ''„malá furt fňuče“'').
• In the case of the verb ''pykati'' the original present stem forms are very archaic (e.g. ''„jeho usovysmrti velmi pyčí = litují“'', ''„pyčtež mne panny a šlechetné panie = litujtež“'', ''„minulých věcí nepyč = nelituj“'').
• The infinitive stem forms are regular, formed according to ''děl-a-ti'', ''maz-a-ti''. Some other verbs: blýskati (se) : blýská, blýště ''(*-sk-je- > -ště-)''; — lákati : láká, láče; — kdákati : kdáká, kdáče; — krákati : kráká, kráče; — kvákati : kváká, kváče; — říkati : říká, říče; — smýkati : smýká, smýče; — stříkati : stříká, stříče; — soukati < ''súkati'' : souká, souče (''dial.'' súče); — tleskati : tleská, tleště; — výskati : výská, výště; — získati ''perf.'' < ''jískati'' < ''*jьskati'' ''(= hledati)'' : získá, zíště (''jíště = hledá''); — kulhati : kulhá, kulže; — páchati : páchá, páše (''pásá'', ''páše'' is a different verb); — ''dial.'' brkati : brká, brče; — fňukati : fňuká, fňuče.


trestá ∥ tresce – trestal – trestati

*The primary stem ends in t or d (trest-, hlod-). • The original present stem forms are either archaic or dialectal (e.g. ''„padělání se tresce dle zákona“'', ''„vězeň svou pověst šepce dál“'', ''„žabí havěď v potoce pohřební píseň skřehoce“'', ''„komoňové lační boje řehcí“'' — ''„co tady léceš?“'', ''„do úla jim lécou aj vosy“'', ''„husy gagocú“'').
• After losing iotation the imperative forms ''tresceme'', ''trescete'' < ''treskcěme, treskcěte'' and the present transgressive form ''tresce'' < ''treskcě'' became homophonous with some indicative forms. Transition to the new forms has solved the problem.
• The infinitive stem forms are regular, formed according to ''děl-a-ti'', ''maz-a-ti''. Some other verbs: blekotati : blekotá, blekoce; — breptati : breptá, brepce; — drkotati : drkotá, drkoce; — hrkotati : hrkotá, hrkoce; — chechtati (se) : chechtá, chechce; — chlemtati : chlemtá, chlemce; — chrochtati : chrochtá, chrochce; — chytati : chytá, chyce ''(only dial.)''; — jektati : jektá, jekce; — klevetati : klevetá, klevece; — kloktati : kloktá, klokce; — klokotati : klokotá, klokoce; — klopotati : klopotá, klopoce; — kutati : kutá, kuce ''(only dial.)''; — lechtati : lechtá, lechce; — leptati : leptá, lepce; — létati : létá, léce; — lopotati : lopotá, lopoce; — mihotati : mihotá, mihoce; — řehotati : řehotá, řehoce; — skřehotati : skřehotá, skřehoce; — soptati : soptá, sopce; — štěbetati < ''ščebetati'' : štěbetá, štěbece; — troskotati (se) : troskotá, troskoce; — třepotati : třepotá, třepoce; — hvízdati : hvízdá, hvíždě ''(*-zd-je- > -ždě-)''.


Athematic (irregular) verbs

The verbs with an athematic present stem (být, dáti, jísti, věděti) and míti.


býti, jsem


dáti, dám


jísti, jím


věděti, vím


míti, mám

The passive participles ''jměn'', ''jmín'', etc. are archaic ("blázen, mlče, za moudrého ''jmín'' bývá").


Comments, explanatory notes


Root vowel mutation ''(přísti)''

The verb ''přísti'' demonstrates a regular root vowel mutation (umlaut) in the roots in which the original Protoslavic root vowel was -ę- ( nasal ẽ): *přísti < ''OCz přiesti (přadu, přědeš, přěde, ..., přadú)'' < *prʲad- < *pręd- *másti < ''OCz miesti (matu, měteš, měte, ..., matú)'' < *mʲat- < *męt- *třásti < ''OCz třiesti (třasu, třěseš, třěse, ..., třasú)'' < *trʲas- < *tręs- *zábsti < ''OCz ziebsti (zabu, zěbeš, zěbe, ..., zabú)'' < *zʲab- < *zęb- However the regular pattern shown in the table has been eventually corrupted. New umlauted forms have been created by analogy, albeit there was no reason for umlaut (e.g. ''předu'', ''předl'', etc.). Nowadays both original and new forms are in use, with different, regionally dependent frequency. The following table shows the forms that are preferred by majority of the Czech speakers: ''1)'' all forms in common use are umlauted; non-umlauted forms are used only sporadically („přadlena každý den ''přadla''“)
''2)'' no umlauted forms are used nowadays; the umlauted verbal noun ''změtení'' is bookish („babylonské ''změtení'' jazyků“)
''3)'' the umlauted infinitive ''zíbst'' is regional as well as the non-umlauted form ''zabou'' („''zabou'' mě nohy“)


Bibliography

* * * * {{refend Czech grammar Linguistic morphology Czech verbs morphological classification