The mixed single vote (MSV) or positive vote transfer system (PVT) is a mixed-member

electoral system An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections m ...

, where voters cast a single vote in an election, which used both for electing a local candidate and as a vote for a party affiliated with that candidate according to the rules of the electoral system. Unlike the more widespread mixed proportional and mixed majoritarian systems (such as

parallel voting Parallel voting is a type of mixed electoral system in which representatives are voted into a single chamber using two or more different systems, most often first-past-the-post voting (FPTP) with party-list proportional representation (PR). It i ...

) where voters cast two votes, split-ticket voting is either not possible or not allowed in MSV. Voters usually cast their single vote for a local candidate in a

single-member district A single-member district is an electoral district represented by a single officeholder. It contrasts with a multi-member district, which is represented by multiple officeholders. Single-member districts are also sometimes called single-winner vo ...

(SMD) and then all the wasted votes from this lower tier are added to distribute seats between upper tier candidates, typically national party lists. How proportional the outcome is depends on many factors including the of vote transfer rules, such which votes are recounted as party list votes, and other parameters (e.g. the number of list seats) used in the system. The MSV system originates from

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

and is currently used in

Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...

for local elections in larger municipalities. It was used for the

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from 1993 to 2005.

Electoral systems using mixed single vote

Mixed single vote systems may use ''vote linkage'' compensation, meaning not all, but only "wasted" votes get transferred as list votes to the other tier. Some uncommon, ''supermixed'' systems use of MSV may add or subtract the discounted list results to establish a ''vote linkage'' based element of compensation into system that would otherwise be categorised as parallel voting. (This article focuses primarily on pure implementations of MSV.) They may also use ''seat linkage'' compensation, which means almost all votes (except for votes independent candidates and for candidates affiliated with parties below a threshold) are transferred to the proportional tier but used in a top-up process, like the additional member system (AMS). This was the first type of

mixed-member proportional Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP or MMPR) is a mixed electoral system in which votes cast are considered in local elections and also to determine overall party vote tallies, which are used to allocate additional members to produce ...

(MMP) electoral system, used in

. The third type of mixed single vote system is the single vote equivalent of parallel voting, which uses the same vote on both the majoritarian and proportional tiers. This makes such systems non-compensatory, falling under the ''superposition'' type of mixed systems identified by Massicotte&Blais.

Use

Compensatory systems

Semi-proportional systems

: Local elections in municipalities and districts in the

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with a population over 10 000 use a mixed single vote with positive vote transfer, where only votes for losing candidates are transferred to the compensatory tier. The vote transfer takes place based on the party affiliation of the local candidates and seats are allocated proportionally based on the transferred votes. * Up to 25 000 residents 8 members are elected in SMDs and 3 members on the compensatory tier * Up to 50 000 residents 10 members are elected in SMDs and 4 members on the compensatory tier * Up to 75 000 residents 12 members are elected in SMDs and 5 members on the compensatory tier * Up to 100 000 residents 14 members are elected in SMDs and 6 members on the compensatory tier * Over 100 000 residents, the number of SMDs increases by 1 after every additional 10 000 residents, while the number of compensatory seats increases by 1 after every additional 25 000 residents. Since the

2014 elections The following elections occurred in the year 2014. * 2014 United Nations Security Council election 16 October 2014 Africa * 2014 Algerian presidential election 17 April 2014 * 2014 Botswana general election 24 October 2014 * 2014 Comorian presi ...

, General Assembly of Budapest also uses a mixed single vote, in that the 23 directly elected mayors of the districts and there are 9 members elected from compensation-lists of parties based on the votes cast for the mayoral candidates. (Budapest mayor candidates and district mayor candidates can be listed on compensation-lists) Because of the comparatively few compensatory seats, the system does not guarantee proportional results and commonly underrepresents smaller parties, however theoretically, it could also underrepresent larger parties compared to a list PR system.

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elections use a different positive vote transfer system, which also partially compensates winning candidates, however, that system is not a pure mixed single vote system as it also has a

component.

Proportional systems

Mixed single vote systems can be used also with a seat linkage method to achieve effectively list PR with local representation (via plurality or majority). Such systems are fundamentally

systems without the option of split ticket voting. This is the original version of MMP, where all votes, except for those in favour of independent candidates or parties below the entry threshold are transferred and used for the compensation mechanism.

, where the 1949 elections were held under a mixed single vote system that used plurality rule on the lower tier and was overall proportional on the regional ( state) tier. The country subsequently changed the system to two-vote MMP. Countries that currently use such systems are: *

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adopted single vote MMP in 1994. The seat allocation is based on the vote for president, which is why this system is sometimes called double simultaneous vote (DSV). * Lesotho switched to a mixed single vote version of MMP in 2002. *

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

has used the mixed single vote version of MMP since the 2019 general election, however the next election is scheduled to again be held under

. In

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, the 2008 national legislative elections were held under a mixed single vote system where SMD seats were only awarded to individual winners with an absolute majority.

Non-compensatory systems

Italy

References

{{voting systems Electoral systems Mixed electoral systems Semi-proportional electoral systems Proportional representation electoral systems