Mittelgebirge

A ''Mittelgebirge'' (German: ''Mittel'', "middle/medium"; ''Gebirge'', "mountain range") is a type of relatively low mountain range or highland area typical of the geography of central Europe, especially central and southern Germany; it refers to something between rolling low hill country or '' Hügelland'' and a proper mountain range (german: link=no, Gebirge or ''Hochgebirge'') like the High Alps.

Characteristics

The term is not precise, but typically refers to topography where the peaks rise at least to ''above the surrounding terrain'' (as opposed to above sea level). The summits usually do not reach the tree line and were not glaciated after the last glacial period. In contrast, ''Hochgebirge'' is used to refer to mountain ranges rising above approximately to . The delineation corresponds with the differentation between Montane and Alpine level according to altitudinal zonation.

''Mittelgebirge'' ranges

In the plural, ''die Mittelgebirge'' (as opposed to the singular, ''das Mittelgebirge''), sometimes qualified as ''die deutschen Mittelgebirge'', usually refers to the Central Uplands of Germany which is a belt of low mountain ranges or hills between the Northern Lowland and the Bavarian Alpine Foreland.Dickinson, Robert E (1964). ''Germany: A regional and economic geography'' (2nd ed.). London: Methuen, p. 18 ff. .

The ranges stretch from the North German Plain up to the Alps in the south. The northern limitation is marked by the ''Mittelgebirge'' threshold (''Mittelgebirgsschwelle''), running from the Belgian Ardennes in the west along the Rhenish Massif, the Rhön and Harz Mountains, the Thuringian Forest and the Fichtel Mountains to the Bohemian Massif on the Czech border, including the Bavarian Forest and the Ore Mountains, leading to the Bohemian Forest and to the Sudetes in the east.

In the southwest, the Upper Rhine Plain stretches up to the Swiss border at Basel, accompanied by the South German Scarplands including the Odenwald range and the Black Forest, as well as the Swabian Jura and its eastern continuation, the Franconian Jura. Left of the Upper Rhine, the North French Scarplands reach from the Palatinate and the Vosges Mountains down to the Paris Basin.

Along the Swiss-French border run the Jura Mountains, a fold mountain range reaching up to , separated from the western Alps by the Swiss Plateau. Though located within the Alpine foothills, the Jura Mountains are usually considered a separate ''Mittelgebirge'' range, while the Kras Plateau, leading to the Dinarides, geologically forms a part of the Southern Alps.

In Hungary, the Transdanubian Mountains form an extended ''Mittelgebirge'' range within the Pannonian Basin. Stretching from Lake Balaton to north of Budapest, marked by the Danube Bend, it separates the Little and Great Hungarian Plain.

In France, the Massif Central, located between the Western Alps and the Pyrenees, even climbs to but does not reach the tree line due to its Mediterranean climate. In Italy, most parts of the Apennine Mountains running from the Maritime Alps down to the Strait of Messina are shaped by its ''Mittelgebirge'' character, though in Abruzzo peaks are up to high. In Britain well-known examples include the pikes of the Lake District, the Pennines, the Scottish Highlands and the Snowdon Massif, in Ireland the MacGillycuddy's Reeks, in the United States some ranges of the Appalachians, such as the Green Mountains (Vermont).

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Mountain geomorphology
Central Uplands