Mesures usuelles

Mesures usuelles (, ''customary measurements'') were a French system of measurement introduced by Napoleon I in 1812 to act as compromise between the metric system and traditional measurements. The system was restricted to use in the retail industry and continued in use until 1840, when the laws of measurement from the 1795 and 1799 were reinstituted.

Rationale behind the new system

In the five years immediately before the French First Republic introduced the metric system, every effort was made to make the citizens aware of the upcoming changes and to prepare them for it. The administration distributed tens of thousands of educational pamphlets, private enterprise produced educational games, guides, almanacs and conversion aids, and metre standards were built into the walls of prominent buildings around Paris. The introduction was phased by district over the next few years, with Paris being the first district to change. The government also realised that the people would need metre rulers, but they had only provided 25,000 of the 500,000 rulers needed in Paris as late as one month after the metre became the sole legal unit of measure. To compensate, the government introduced incentives for the mass-production of rulers. Paris police reported widespread flouting of the requirement for merchants to use only the metric system. Where the new system was in use, it was abused, with shopkeepers taking the opportunity to round prices up and to give smaller measures.

150px, The ''Mesures usuelles'' were abolished by Louis-Philippe in 1839
Napoleon I, the French Emperor, disliked the inconvenience of surrendering the high factorability of traditional measures in the name of decimalisation, and recognized the difficulty of getting it accepted by the populace. Under the ''décret impérial du 12 février 1812'' (imperial decree of 12 February 1812), he introduced a new system of measurement, the ''mesures usuelles'' or "customary measures", for use in small retail businesses. However, all government, legal and similar works still had to use the metric system and the metric system continued to be taught at all levels of education.

The prototypes of the metric unit, the kilogram and the metre, enabled an immediate standardization of measurement over the whole country, replacing the varying legal measures in different parts of the country, and even more across the whole of Europe. The new ''livre'' (known as the ''livre métrique'') was defined as five hundred grams, and the new ''toise'' (''toise métrique'') was defined as two metres. Products could be sold in shops under the old names and with the old relationships to one another, but with metric-based and slightly changed absolute sizes. This series of measurements was called ''mesures usuelles''.

Napoleon's decree was eventually revoked during the reign of Louis Philippe by the ''loi du 4 juillet 1837'' (law of 4 July 1837), which took effect on 1 January 1840, and reinstated the original metric system. This brought the system of ''mesures usuelles'' to a legal end, though the ''livre'' remains in some informal use to this day.

Permitted units

The law authorised the following units of measure:

* The ''toise'' (fathom) was defined as exactly two metres and was as before divided into 6 ''pieds'' (or "feet") or 72 ''pouces'' (inches). The ''pouce'' was divided into 12 ''lignes'' (or "lines"). The ''pied'' and ''pouce'', at approximately 333.3 mm and 27.78 mm, were about 2.6% larger than the previous Parisian measures and 9% larger than their British counterparts.
*The ''aune'' ( ell), used to measure cloth, was defined as 120 centimetres, and divided into the ''demi aune'' (half an ell, or 60 cm) and the ''tiers aune'' (third of an ell, or 40 cm). It was 1.3% larger than ''l’aune de Paris'' (118.48 cm) and 5.0% larger than its English counterpart (45 inches; 114.3 cm).

*The litre was subdivided like an English quart, into ''demis'' (literally, "halves", being the equivalent of a pint of about sixteen fluid ounces), ''quarts'' (literally, "fourths", being the equivalent of a cup of about eight fluid ounces), ''huitièmes'' (literally, "eighths") and ''seizièmes'' (literally, "sixteenths", of about two fluid ounces).
*The ''boisseau'', (bushel), was redefined as being an eighth of a hectolitre and with associated measures ''double-boisseau'', ''demi-boisseau'' and ''quart-boisseau'' (double, half and quarter bushels respectively). The original ''boisseau'', like the English bushel, varied depending on the ''commodity for which'' it was used, as well as the ''region where'' it was used.
*The ''livre'', ( pound), was defined as 500 grams, divided into 16 ''onces'', (ounces), each ''once'' being divided into 8 ''gros''. Each gros being thought of as being composed of 72 ''grains'', whose name is the same as in English. Hence, the livre was 9216 ''grains''. The ''livre'' and ''once'' were about 10% larger than their English counterparts, while the ''grain'' was 17% less than its English counterpart.

The ''mesures usuelles'' did not include any units of length greater than the ''toise'' - the ''myriamètre'' (10 km) remaining in use throughout this period.. (Website based on ''Alte Meß- und Währungssysteme aus dem deutschen Sprachgebiet'', .)

See also

* French units of measurement
* History of measurement
* History of the metric system
* International System of Units
* List of unusual units of measurement
* Metric system
* Systems of measurement
* Units of measurement

References

{{Systems of measurement

Systems of units
Science and technology in France
Metrication in France
Obsolete units of measurement
Napoleon