Median rhomboid glossitis is a condition characterized by an area of redness and loss of
lingual papilla
Lingual papillae (singular papilla) are small structures on the upper surface of the tongue that give it its characteristic rough texture. The four types of papillae on the human tongue have different structures and are accordingly classified as c ...
e on the central
dorsum of the tongue, sometimes including lesions of the tongue and palate. It is seen in patients using inhaled steroids and smokers, and is usually a kind of chronic atrophic
oral candidiasis
Oral candidiasis, also known as oral thrush among other names, is candidiasis that occurs in the mouth. That is, oral candidiasis is a mycosis (yeast/fungal infection) of ''Candida'' species on the mucous membranes of the mouth.
''Candida albic ...
, but
hematinic deficiency and
diabetes
Diabetes, also known as diabetes mellitus, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level ( hyperglycemia) over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include frequent urination, increased thirst and increased ...
should be excluded.
Signs and symptoms
Rarely is any soreness associated with the condition. Apart from the appearance of the lesion, there are usually no other signs or symptoms. The typical appearance of the lesion is an oval or rhomboid shaped area located in the midline of the dorsal surface of the tongue, just anterior (in front) of the
sulcus terminalis. The lesion is usually symmetric, well demarcated, erythematous and depapillated, which has a smooth, shiny surface. Less typically, the lesion may be
hyperplastic
Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ ''huper'' 'over' + πλάσις ''plasis'' 'formation'), or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferatio ...
or lobulated and exophytic. There may be candidal lesions at other sites in the mouth, which may lead to a diagnosis of
chronic multifocal oral candidiasis. Sometimes an approximating erythematous lesion is present on the palate as the tongue touches the palate frequently.
The lesion is typically 2–3 cm in its longest dimension.
Causes
Predisposing factors include smoking, denture wearing, use of
corticosteroid sprays or inhalers and
human immunodeficiency virus
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of ''Lentivirus'' (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immun ...
(HIV) infection.
''Candida'' species even in healthy people mainly colonizes the posterior dorsal tongue.
Median rhomboid glossitis is thought to be a type of chronic atrophic (or erythematous) candidiasis. Microbiological culture of the lesion usually shows ''Candida'' mixed with bacteria.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis is usually made on the clinical appearance, and tissue
biopsy
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist. The process involves extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a dise ...
is not usually needed. The
histologic picture is one of superficial candidal
hyphal infiltration and a
polymorphonuclear leukocytic inflammatory infiltrate present in the epithelium. The
rete ridges are elongated and hyperplastic (pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which may be mistaken for
carcinoma).
Treatment
Treatment may involve smoking cessation and prescription of topical or systemic
antifungal medication
An antifungal medication, also known as an antimycotic medication, is a pharmaceutical fungicide or fungistatic used to treat and prevent mycosis such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryp ...
. Usually the mucosal changes resolve with antifungal therapy, but sometimes the lesion is resistant to complete resolution.
Epidemiology
It is an uncommon condition, occurring with equal prevalence in males and females and at any age.
History
Historically, this lesion was believed to be a developmental defect of the tongue, caused by failure of the
tuberculum impar to be covered by the lateral processes of the tongue. This was disproved when a study of 10,000 children were examined and no medium rhomboid glossitis lesions were found at all. Since, a consistent correlation with ''C. albicans'' has been demonstrated.
References
External links
{{oral pathology
Conditions of the mucous membranes
Tongue disorders
Oral mucosal pathology