material objectivity
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Walter Noll (January 7, 1925 June 6, 2017) was a mathematician, and Professor Emeritus at Carnegie Mellon University. He is best known for developing mathematical tools of
classical mechanics Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, and astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. For objects governed by classi ...
,
thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of th ...
, and continuum mechanics.


Biography

Born in
Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
,
Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, Noll had his school education in a suburb of Berlin. In 1954, Noll earned a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics from
Indiana University Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana. Campuses Indiana University has two core campuses, five regional campuses, and two regional centers under the administration of IUPUI. *Indiana Universi ...
under Clifford Truesdell. His thesis "On the Continuity of the Solid and Fluid States" was published both in '' Journal of Rational Mechanics and Analysis'' and in one of Truesdell's books. Noll thanks Jerald Ericksen for his critical input to the thesis. Noll has served as a visiting professor at the
Johns Hopkins University Johns Hopkins University (Johns Hopkins, Hopkins, or JHU) is a private research university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1876, Johns Hopkins is the oldest research university in the United States and in the western hemisphere. It consi ...
, the University of Karlsruhe, the Israel Institute of Technology, the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine in Nancy, the
University of Pisa The University of Pisa ( it, Università di Pisa, UniPi), officially founded in 1343, is one of the oldest universities in Europe. History The Origins The University of Pisa was officially founded in 1343, although various scholars place ...
, the University of Pavia, and the
University of Oxford , mottoeng = The Lord is my light , established = , endowment = £6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019) , budget = £2.145 billion (2019–20) , chancellor ...
. In 2012 he became a fellow of the
American Mathematical Society The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship, and serves the national and international community through its publications, meetings, ...
. Noll died on June 6, 2017 at the age of 92.


Principle of material objectivity

In continuum mechanics, Noll introduced the so-called principle of material objectivity, which states that the constitutive laws governing the internal conditions of a physical system and the interactions between its parts should not depend on whatever external frame of reference is used to describe them. "Principle of material objectivity" is now an obsolete term that has been replaced by principle of material frame-indifference.Miroslav Šilhavý, ''The Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Continuous Media'', Springer, 1997
"The Principle of Material Frame Indifference"


Books

*Noll, Walter and Truesdell, Clifford (1965) ''The Non-Linear Field Theories of Mechanics''. Springer-Verlag, New York. . *Noll, Walter; Coleman, B. D.; and Markovitz, H. (1966) ''Viscometric Flows of Non-Newtonian Fluids, Theory and Experiment''. Springer-Verlag, New York. ASIN B0006BN90G. *Noll, Walter (1974) ''Foundations of Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Selected Papers''. Springer-Verlag, New York. . *Noll, Walter (1987) ''Finite-Dimensional Spaces: Algebra, Geometry, and Analysis, Vol. I''. Kluwer Academic Publishers. . A corrected version (2006) is published on Professor Noll's website. *Noll, Walter (2004) ''Five Contributions to Natural Philosophy''. Published on Professor Noll's website


References


External links

*
Professor Noll's Carnegie Mellon home pageProfessor Noll's websiteObituary: Walter Noll, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 11, 2017
{{DEFAULTSORT:Noll, Walter 2017 deaths 1925 births 20th-century American mathematicians 21st-century American mathematicians Carnegie Mellon University faculty Fellows of the American Mathematical Society German emigrants to the United States Indiana University alumni Johns Hopkins University faculty Karlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty Scientists from Berlin University of Pavia faculty University of Pisa faculty