*
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma
:: 3 to 4% of lymphomas in adults
:: Small resting lymphocytes mixed with variable numbers of large activated cells, lymph nodes diffusely
effaced
:: CD5, surface
immunoglobulin
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of th ...
:: 5-year survival rate 50%.
:: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, most patients have peripheral blood involvement, indolent
*
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
*
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (such as
Waldenström macroglobulinemia
Waldenström macroglobulinemia () is a type of cancer affecting two types of B cells: lymphoplasmacytoid cells and plasma cells. Both cell types are white blood cells. It is characterized by having high levels of a circulating antibody, immunogl ...
)
*
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
*
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia is an uncommon hematological malignancy characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes. It is usually classified as a subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Hairy cell leukemia makes up about 2% of all leu ...
*
Plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific subs ...
neoplasms:
**
Plasma cell myeloma (also known as multiple myeloma)
**
Plasmacytoma
Plasmacytoma is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which a plasma cell tumour grows within soft tissue or within the axial skeleton.
The International Myeloma Working Group lists three types: Plasma cell dyscrasia#Solitary plasmacytoma, solitary plasma ...
** Monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition diseases
**
Heavy chain diseases
*
Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma, also called
MALT lymphoma
:: About 5% of lymphomas in adults
:: Variable cell size and differentiation, 40% show
plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B lymphocytes and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific subs ...
differentiation,
homing of B cells to epithelium creates lymphoepithelial lesions.
:: CD5,
CD10, surface Ig
:: Frequently occurs outside lymph nodes, very indolent, may be cured by local excision
*
Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma
Nodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma (NMZL) is an uncommon form of marginal-zone lymphoma that can produce colonization of the follicles in the lymph node
A lymph node, or lymph gland, is a kidney-shaped organ of the lymphatic system and the ad ...
*
Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a cancer that involves certain types of white blood cells known as lymphocytes. The cancer originates from the uncontrolled division of specific types of B-cells known as centrocytes and centroblasts. These cells norma ...
:: About 40% of lymphomas in adults
:: Small "cleaved"
left
Left may refer to:
Music
* ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006
* ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016
* "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album '' Curb'', 1996
Direction
* Left (direction), the relative direction opposite of right
* ...
cells (
centrocytes) mixed with large activated cells (
centroblast
A centroblast generally refers to an activated B cell that is enlarged (12–18 micrometer) and is rapidly proliferating in the germinal center of a lymphoid follicle. They are specifically located in the dark zone of the germinal center. Cent ...
s), usually nodular ("follicular") growth pattern
::
CD10, surface
Ig
:: About 72–77%
:: Occurs in older adults, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen, associated with t(14;18)
translocation overexpressing
Bcl-2
Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2), encoded in humans by the ''BCL2'' gene, is the founding member of the Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins that regulate cell death (apoptosis), by either inhibiting (anti-apoptotic) or inducing (pro-apoptotic) apoptosi ...
, indolent
*
Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma
*
Mantle cell lymphoma
:: About 3 to 4% of lymphomas in adults
:: Lymphocytes of small to intermediate size growing in diffuse pattern
::
CD5
:: About 50
[ to 70%][
:::: 50% for limited stage:
:::: 70% for advanced stage: ]
:: Occurs mainly in adult males, usually involves lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen and GI tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans an ...
, associated with t(11;14) translocation overexpressing cyclin D1
Cyclin D1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CCND1'' gene.
Gene expression
The CCND1 gene encodes the cyclin D1 protein. The human CCND1 gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 11 (band 11q13). It is 13,388 base pairs lon ...
, moderately aggressive
* Diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in Gibbs free energy or chemical p ...
, not otherwise specified
:: About 40 to 50% of lymphomas in adults
:: Variable, most resemble B cells of large germinal centers, diffuse growth pattern
:: Variable expression of CD10 and surface Ig
:: Five-year survival rate
The five-year survival rate is a type of survival rate for estimating the prognosis of a particular disease, normally calculated from the point of diagnosis. Lead time bias from earlier diagnosis can affect interpretation of the five-year surviva ...
60%
:: Occurs in all ages, but most commonly in older adults, may occur outside lymph nodes, aggressive
*
* Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified
* Lymphomatoid granulomatosis
* Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma
* Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
Intravascular lymphomas (IVL) are rare cancers in which malignant lymphocytes proliferate and accumulate within blood vessels. Almost all other tyes of lymphoma involve the proliferation and accumulation of malignant lymphocytes in lymph nodes, ot ...
* ALK+ large B-cell lymphoma
* Plasmablastic lymphoma
* Primary effusion lymphoma
* Large B-cell lymphoma arising in HHV8-associated multicentric Castleman's disease
* Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia
:: < 1% of lymphomas in the United States
:: Round lymphoid cells of intermediate size with several nucleoli, starry-sky appearance by diffuse spread with interspersed apoptosis
Apoptosis (from grc, ἀπόπτωσις, apóptōsis, 'falling off') is a form of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes ( morphology) and death. These changes in ...
:: CD10, surface Ig
:: Five-year survival rate 50%
:: Endemic in Africa, sporadic elsewhere, more common in immunocompromised and children, often visceral involvement, highly aggressive
* T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
* T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia
Large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder that exhibits an unexplained, chronic (> 6 months) elevation in large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) in the peripheral blood.
It is divided in two main categories: T- ...
* Aggressive NK cell leukemia
Aggressive NK-cell leukemia is a disease with an aggressive, systemic proliferation of natural killer cells (NK cells) and a rapidly declining clinical course.
It is also called ''aggressive NK-cell lymphoma''.
Signs and symptoms
Patients us ...
* Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
* Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
* Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma
* Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma
Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of lymphoma that is generally incurable, except in the case of an allogeneic stem cell transplant.
It is a systemic neoplasm comprising medium-sized cytotoxic T-cells that show significant sinusoidal ...
* Blastic NK cell lymphoma
* Mycosis fungoides
Mycosis fungoides, also known as Alibert-Bazin syndrome or granuloma fungoides, is the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It generally affects the skin, but may progress internally over time. Symptoms include rash, tumors, skin lesions ...
/ Sézary syndrome
:: Most common cutaneous lymphoid malignancy
:: Usually small lymphoid cells with convoluted nuclei that often infiltrate the epidermis, creating Pautrier microabscesseses
:: CD4
In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic ce ...
:: 5-year
survival 75%
:: Localized or more generalized skin symptoms, generally indolent, in a more aggressive variant, Sézary's disease, skin erythema
Erythema (from the Greek , meaning red) is redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia (increased blood flow) in superficial capillaries. It occurs with any skin injury, infection, or inflammation. Examples of erythema not asso ...
and peripheral blood involvement
* Primary cutaneous CD30-positive T cell lymphoproliferative disorders
** Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
** Lymphomatoid papulosis
* Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified
:: Most common T cell lymphoma
:: Variable, usually a mix small to large lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear contours
:: CD3
:: Probably consists of several rare tumor types, often disseminated and generally aggressive
* Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma
* Anaplastic large cell lymphoma: ALK-positive and ALK-negative types
* Breast plant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma
* B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma not otherwise specified
* B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma with recurrent genetic abnormalities
* T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma
T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (WHO 2008), previously labeled precursor T-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (WHO 2001) is a form of lymphoid leukemia and lymphoma in which too many T-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in th ...
:: 15% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruis ...
and 90% of lymphoblastic lymphoma
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a cancer of the lymphoid line of blood cells characterized by the development of large numbers of immature lymphocytes. Symptoms may include feeling tired, pale skin color, fever, easy bleeding or bruisi ...
.
:: Lymphoblast
__NOTOC__
A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology. It occurs when the lymphocyte is activated by an antigen (from antigen-presenting cells) and increased in volume by nucleus and cytoplasm growth as well as new mRN ...
s with irregular nuclear contours, condensed chromatin, small nucleoli and scant cytoplasm without granules
:: TdT, CD2, CD7
:: It often presents as a mediastinal mass because of involvement of the thymus
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or '' T cells'' mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts to specific foreign invaders ...
. It is highly associated with ''NOTCH1
Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1 (Notch 1) is a protein encoded in humans by the ''NOTCH1'' gene. Notch 1 is a single-pass transmembrane receptor.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the Notch family. Members of this Type 1 trans ...
'' mutations, and is most common in adolescent males.
* Classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma, in which cancer originates from a specific type of white blood cell called lymphocytes, where multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells (RS cells) are present in the patient's lymph nodes. The conditio ...
s:
** Nodular sclerosis
Nodular sclerosis (or "NSHL") is a form of Hodgkin's lymphoma that is the most common subtype of HL in developed countries. It affects females slightly more than males and has a median age of onset at ~28 years. It is composed of large tumor nodul ...
form of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Most common type of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Reed-Sternberg cell variants and inflammation, usually broad sclerotic bands that consist of collagen
:: CD15, CD30
:: Most common in young adults, often arises in the mediastinum
The mediastinum (from ) is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. Surrounded by loose connective tissue, it is an undelineated region that contains a group of structures within the thorax, namely the heart and its vessels, the esopha ...
or cervical lymph nodes
** Mixed cellularity Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Second-most common form of Hodgkin lymphoma
:: Many classic Reed-Sternberg cells and inflammation
:: CD15, CD30
:: Most common in men, more likely to be diagnosed at advanced stages than the nodular sclerosis form Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), formally called ''Human gammaherpesvirus 4'', is one of the nine known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans. EBV is a double-stranded DNA virus.
It is ...
involved in 70% of cases
** Lymphocyte-rich
** Lymphocyte depleted or not depleted
* Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma
* Associated with a primary immune disorder
* Associated with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV)
* Post-transplant
* Associated with methotrexate
Methotrexate (MTX), formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant. It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancies. Types of cancers it is used for include breast cancer, leuke ...
therapy
* Primary central nervous system lymphoma
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL), also termed primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the central nervous system (DLBCL-CNS), is a primary intracranial tumor appearing mostly in patients with severe immunodeficiency (typically pat ...
occurs most often in immunocompromised patients, in particular those with AIDS, but it can occur in the immunocompetent, as well. It has a poor prognosis, particularly in those with AIDS. Treatment can consist of corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones. Two main classes of corticosteroids, glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, are invol ...
, radiotherapy
Radiation therapy or radiotherapy, often abbreviated RT, RTx, or XRT, is a therapy using ionizing radiation, generally provided as part of cancer treatment to control or kill malignant cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator. Rad ...
, and chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen. Chemother ...
, often with methotrexate.