A labialized velar or labiovelar is a
velar consonant
Velars are consonants place of articulation, articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (known also as the Soft palate, velum).
Since the velar region of the roof of ...
that is
labialized, with a -like
secondary articulation
In phonetics, secondary articulation occurs when the articulation of a consonant is equivalent to the combined articulations of two or three simpler consonants, at least one of which is an approximant. The secondary articulation of such co-articu ...
. Common examples are , which are pronounced like a , with rounded lips, such as the
labialized voiceless velar plosive
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involv ...
and
labialized voiced velar plosive . Such sounds occur across Africa and the Americas, in the Caucasus, etc.
Labialized velar approximants
The most common labiovelar consonant is the voiced approximant . It is normally a labialized velar, as is its vocalic cousin . (Labialization is called
rounding
Rounding means replacing a number with an approximate value that has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation. For example, replacing $ with $, the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression with .
Rounding is often done to ob ...
in vowels, and a velar place is called
back.)
and its voiceless equivalent are the only labialized velars with dedicated IPA symbols:
*
1 - In
dialect
The term dialect (from Latin , , from the Ancient Greek word , 'discourse', from , 'through' and , 'I speak') can refer to either of two distinctly different types of linguistic phenomena:
One usage refers to a variety of a language that is ...
s that distinguish between ''which'' and ''witch''.
The voiceless approximant is traditionally called a "voiceless labial–velar fricative", but true
doubly articulated fricatives are not known to be used in any language, as they are quite difficult to pronounce and even more difficult to distinguish.
Historical development
Labialized velars frequently derive from a plain velar followed by a
rounded (labialized) vowel, such as or . In turn, they may sometimes develop into simple
bilabial consonant
In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a labial consonant articulated with both lips.
Frequency
Bilabial consonants are very common across languages. Only around 0.7% of the world's languages lack bilabial consonants altogether, including Tli ...
s. An example of this is the
development of Proto-Indo-European *kʷ, *gʷ before *a or *o into
Greek /p, b/, producing cognates as different as English ''come'' and ''basis''. The full sequence is demonstrated by the
Satsuma dialect of Japanese: in northern Satsuma, Standard Japanese 'eat!' has contracted to ; in southern Satsuma, it has proceeded further to .
A notable development is the initial *kʷ in
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo ...
interrogative word
An interrogative word or question word is a function word used to ask a question, such as ''what, which'', ''when'', ''where'', '' who, whom, whose'', ''why'', ''whether'' and ''how''. They are sometimes called wh-words, because in English most ...
s. In English, it developed into ''
wh'' or ''h'' (''how''), pronounced /w/ in most dialects and /h/, respectively, via
Grimm's law followed by
''wh''-cluster reductions. By contrast, in
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...
and its descendants, the
Romance languages
The Romance languages, sometimes referred to as Latin languages or Neo-Latin languages, are the various modern languages that evolved from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic languages in the Indo-European language ...
, that developed into ''
qu'' (later Spanish ''cu'' (''cuando'') and ''c'' (''como'')), pronounced variously as /kw/ or /k/. See
etymology of English interrogative words for details. The English
phonemic spelling ''
kw'' for ''qu'' (as in ''
kwik'') echoes its origin.
See also
*
Co-articulated consonant
*
Doubly articulated consonant
*
Voiced bilabial fricative
*
Voiceless bilabial fricative
{{DEFAULTSORT:Labiovelar Consonant
Phonology
Labialized consonants
Velar consonants