An impromptu (, , loosely meaning "offhand") is a free-form musical composition with the character of an ''
ex tempore
''Ex tempore'' (Latin for "out of the moment“) is a legal term that means 'at the time'. A judge who hands down a decision in a case soon or straight after hearing it is delivering a decision ''ex tempore''. Another way a judge may deliver a de ...
'' improvisation as if prompted by the spirit of the moment, usually for a solo instrument, such as piano. According to ''
Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung
The ''Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung'' (''General music newspaper'') was a German-language periodical published in the 19th century. Comini (2008) has called it "the foremost German-language musical periodical of its time". It reviewed musical e ...
'',
Johann Baptist Cramer began publishing piano pieces under the (sub-)title of "impromptu." (AMZ, Mar. No II, 1815, col. 6), which seems to be the first recorded use of the term ''impromptu'' in this sense.
Form usage
Since the very concept of unpremeditated, spur-of-the-moment inspiration without studied care is at the heart of
Romantic artistic theory, it did not take long before the first generation of
Romantic composers took up the idea. Others were:
*
Frédéric Chopin
Frédéric François Chopin (born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin; 1 March 181017 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leadin ...
composed 4 ''
Impromptus'', including the famous
Fantaisie-Impromptu
Frédéric Chopin's ''Fantaisie-Impromptu'' ( pl, Fantazja-Impromptu) in C minor, Op. posth. 66, WN 46 is a solo piano composition. It was composed in 1834 and published posthumously in 1855 despite Chopin's instruction that none ...
.
*
Jan Václav Voříšek was the first one to compose impromptus published under that title, in 1822.
*
Franz Schubert
Franz Peter Schubert (; 31 January 179719 November 1828) was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras. Despite his short lifetime, Schubert left behind a vast ''oeuvre'', including more than 600 secular vocal wo ...
published two sets of four ''
Impromptus'' for piano op. 90 and 142 (1827). After his death 3 more unnamed piano compositions (''Klavierstücke'') were sometimes named ''Impromptus''.
*
Robert Schumann
Robert Schumann (; 8 June 181029 July 1856) was a German composer, pianist, and influential music critic. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Romantic era. Schumann left the study of law, intending to pursue a career a ...
wrote some Impromptus, published as Op. 5.
*
Franz Liszt
Franz Liszt, in modern usage ''Liszt Ferenc'' . Liszt's Hungarian passport spelled his given name as "Ferencz". An orthographic reform of the Hungarian language in 1922 (which was 36 years after Liszt's death) changed the letter "cz" to simpl ...
composed an Impromptu in F sharp (sometimes called Nocturne) and a piano piece named
Valse-Impromptu.
*
Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (; russian: Александр Николаевич Скрябин ; – ) was a Russian composer and virtuoso pianist. Before 1903, Scriabin was greatly influenced by the music of Frédéric Chopin and composed ...
is known to have written at least nine impromptus for the piano in his early period.
*
Jean Sibelius
Jean Sibelius ( ; ; born Johan Julius Christian Sibelius; 8 December 186520 September 1957) was a Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early-modern periods. He is widely regarded as his country's greatest composer, and his music is often ...
composed six impromptus for piano op. 5 (1893)
The impromptu genre remained popular all throughout the 19th century and was prominent throughout the romantic era.
In the 20th century, there are also several examples of composers naming their compositions "Impromptu", such as:
*
Gabriel Fauré
Gabriel Urbain Fauré (; 12 May 1845 – 4 November 1924) was a French composer, organist, pianist and teacher. He was one of the foremost French composers of his generation, and his musical style influenced many 20th-century composers ...
composing six ''Impromptus'' between 1881 and 1913.
*
Richard Rodney Bennett composing five ''Impromptus'' for
guitar
The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that typically has six strings. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, while simultaneously pressing selected string ...
in 1968
*
Maurice Journeau composing six ''Impromptus'' between 1971 and 1974.
Journeau's works
/ref>
* Donald Martino
Donald James Martino (May 16, 1931 – December 8, 2005) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American composer.
Biography
Born in Plainfield, New Jersey, Martino attended Plainfield High School. He began as a clarinetist, playing jazz for fun an ...
composing ''Fantasies and Impromptu'' in 1980.
* Nikolai Kapustin composing four ''Impromptus'' between 1991 and 1997.
* Lowell Liebermann composing ''Three Impromptus Op.68'' in 2000 and ''Two Impromptus Op.131'' in 2016.
* Vince Mendoza's Epiphany, performed by the London Symphony Orchestra
The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is a British symphony orchestra based in London. Founded in 1904, the LSO is the oldest of London's orchestras, symphony orchestras. The LSO was created by a group of players who left Henry Wood's Queen's ...
and published in 1999. The first piece of the album is named ''Impromptu''.
* One of Queen
Queen or QUEEN may refer to:
Monarchy
* Queen regnant, a female monarch of a Kingdom
** List of queens regnant
* Queen consort, the wife of a reigning king
* Queen dowager, the widow of a king
* Queen mother, a queen dowager who is the mother ...
's songs, performed at Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium (branded as Wembley Stadium connected by EE for sponsorship reasons) is a football stadium in Wembley, London. It opened in 2007 on the site of the Wembley Stadium (1923), original Wembley Stadium, which was demolished from 200 ...
and other performances is named ''Impromptu''.
References
{{Authority control
Classical music styles
Musical improvisation