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An impedance analyzer is a type of
''What makes a great Impedance Analyzer'', as of 5 Sep 2018.
Impedance analyzers typically offer highly accurate impedance measurements, e.g. with a basic accuracy of up to 0.05%,Keysight Technologies
''Impedance Measurement Handbook'', as of 2 Nov 2016 and a frequency measurement range from µHz to GHz. Impedance values can range over many decades from µΩ to TΩ, whereas the phase angle accuracy is in the range of 10 millidegree. Measured impedance values include absolute impedance, the real and imaginary part of the measured impedance and the phase between the voltage and current. Model-derived impedance parameters such as conductance, inductance and capacitance are calculated based on a replacement circuit model and subsequently displayed. LCR meters also provide impedance measurement functionality, typically with similar accuracy but lower frequency range. The measurement frequency of LCR meters is generally fixed rather than swept, and cannot be displayed graphically. A fourth implementation, the vector network analyzer (VNA), can be considered a distinct instrument. In contrast to impedance analyzers, VNAs also measure impedance but usually at much higher frequencies and with much lower accuracy compared to impedance analyzers.
Harold A. Wheeler
(1950) ''Reactance Chart, Proceedings of the I.R.E.'', p. 1392-1397 which shows the reactance values for capacitive reactance XC and inductive reactance XL for a given frequency. The accuracy of the instrument is transposed on the chart to allow the user to quickly see what accuracy they can expect for a given frequency and reactance.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antenna Analyzer Electrical circuits Electronic test equipment Radio electronics Impedance measurements
electronic test equipment
Electronic test equipment is used to create signals and capture responses from electronic devices under test (DUTs). In this way, the proper operation of the DUT can be proven or faults in the device can be traced. Use of electronic test equipmen ...
used to measure complex electrical impedance
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit.
Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the c ...
as a function of test frequency.
Impedance is an important parameter used to characterize electronic components
An electronic component is any basic discrete device or physical entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their associated fields. Electronic components are mostly industrial products, available in a singular form and are not ...
, electronic circuits
An electronic circuit is composed of individual electronic components, such as resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes, connected by conductive wires or traces through which electric current can flow. It is a type of electrical ...
, and the materials used to make components. Impedance analysis can also be used to characterize materials exhibiting dielectric behavior such as biological tissue, foodstuffs or geological samples.
Impedance analyzers come in three distinct hardware implementations, and together these three implementations can probe from ultra low frequency to ultra high frequency
Ultra high frequency (UHF) is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range between 300 megahertz (MHz) and 3 gigahertz (GHz), also known as the decimetre band as the wavelengths range from one meter to one tenth of a meter ...
and can measure impedances from µΩ to TΩ.
Operation
Impedance analyzers are a class of instruments which measure complexelectrical impedance
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit.
Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the c ...
as a function of frequency. This involves the phase sensitive measurement of current and voltage
Voltage, also known as electric pressure, electric tension, or (electric) potential difference, is the difference in electric potential between two points. In a static electric field, it corresponds to the work needed per unit of charge to ...
applied to a device under test while the measurement frequency is varied over the course of the measurement. Key specifications of an impedance analyzer are the frequency range, impedance range, absolute impedance accuracy and phase angle accuracy. Further specifications include the ability to apply voltage bias and current bias while measuring, and the measurement speedZurich Instruments''What makes a great Impedance Analyzer'', as of 5 Sep 2018.
Impedance analyzers typically offer highly accurate impedance measurements, e.g. with a basic accuracy of up to 0.05%,Keysight Technologies''Impedance Measurement Handbook'', as of 2 Nov 2016 and a frequency measurement range from µHz to GHz. Impedance values can range over many decades from µΩ to TΩ, whereas the phase angle accuracy is in the range of 10 millidegree. Measured impedance values include absolute impedance, the real and imaginary part of the measured impedance and the phase between the voltage and current. Model-derived impedance parameters such as conductance, inductance and capacitance are calculated based on a replacement circuit model and subsequently displayed. LCR meters also provide impedance measurement functionality, typically with similar accuracy but lower frequency range. The measurement frequency of LCR meters is generally fixed rather than swept, and cannot be displayed graphically. A fourth implementation, the vector network analyzer (VNA), can be considered a distinct instrument. In contrast to impedance analyzers, VNAs also measure impedance but usually at much higher frequencies and with much lower accuracy compared to impedance analyzers.
Reactance chart
Most impedance analyzers come with a reactance chart(1950) ''Reactance Chart, Proceedings of the I.R.E.'', p. 1392-1397 which shows the reactance values for capacitive reactance XC and inductive reactance XL for a given frequency. The accuracy of the instrument is transposed on the chart to allow the user to quickly see what accuracy they can expect for a given frequency and reactance.
See also
*Electrical impedance
In electrical engineering, impedance is the opposition to alternating current presented by the combined effect of resistance and reactance in a circuit.
Quantitatively, the impedance of a two-terminal circuit element is the ratio of the c ...
*LCR meter
An LCR meter is a type of electronic test equipment used to measure the inductance (L), capacitance (C), and resistance (R) of an electronic component. In the simpler versions of this instrument the impedance was measured internally and conve ...
* VNA
Notes
{{DEFAULTSORT:Antenna Analyzer Electrical circuits Electronic test equipment Radio electronics Impedance measurements