Imbecile

The term ''imbecile'' was once used by psychiatrists to denote a category of people with moderate to severe intellectual disability, as well as a type of criminal.Fernald, Walter E. (1912). ''The imbecile with criminal instincts.'' Fourth edition. Boston: Ellis. .Duncan, P. Martin; Millard, William (1866). ''A manual for the classification, training, and education of the feeble-minded, imbecile, and idiotic.'' Longmans, Green, and Co. The word arises from the Latin word ''imbecillus'', meaning weak, or weak-minded. It originally referred to people of the second order in a former and discarded classification of intellectual disability, with a mental age of three to seven years and an IQ of 25–50, above " idiot" (IQ below 25) and below " moron" (IQ of 51–70).Sternberg, Robert J. (2000). ''Handbook of Intelligence.'' Cambridge University Press. . In the obsolete medical classification (ICD-9, 1977), these people were said to have "moderate mental retardation" or "moderate mental subnormality" with IQ of 35–49, as they are usually capable of some degree of communication, guarding themselves against danger and performing simple mechanical tasks under supervision.

The meaning was further refined into mental and moral imbecility.Kerlin, Isaac N. (1889). "Moral imbecility". ''Proceedings of the Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Persons'', 15–18.Fernald, Walter E. (1 April 1909)
"The imbecile with criminal instincts"
''American Journal of Psychiatry''. 65(4):731–749. The concepts of "moral insanity", " moral idiocy"," and "moral imbecility" led to the emerging field of eugenic criminology, which held that crime can be reduced by preventing " feeble-minded" people from reproducing.Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1998). ''Creating Born Criminals.'' Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. . Tredgold, A. F. (1921). "Moral Imbecility". '' Proc R Soc Med'', 1921; 14(Sect Psych): 13–22.

"Imbecile" as a concrete classification was popularized by psychologist Henry H. Goddard Goddard, Henry Herbert (1915).
The Criminal Imbecile; an Analysis of Three Remarkable Murder Cases
'. New York: The Macmillan Company. and was used in 1927 by United States Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in his ruling in the forced-sterilization case '' Buck v. Bell'', 274 U.S. 200 (1927).Lombardo, Paul A. (2008). ''Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck V. Bell.'' JHU Press,

The concept is closely associated with psychology, psychiatry, criminology, and eugenics. However, the term ''imbecile'' quickly passed into vernacular usage as a derogatory term. It fell out of professional use in the 20th century in favor of ''mental retardation''.Kaplan, Robert M.; Saccuzzo, Dennis P. (2008). ''Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues.'' Cengage Learning,

Phrases such as "mental retardation", "mentally retarded", and " retarded" are also subject to the euphemism treadmill: initially used in a medical manner, they gradually took on derogatory connotation. This had occurred with the earlier synonyms (for example, ''moron'', ''imbecile'', ''cretin'', and ''idiot'', formerly used as scientific terms in the early 20th century). Professionals searched for connotatively neutral replacements. In the United States, " Rosa's Law" changed references in many federal statutes to "mental retardation" to refer instead to "intellectual disability".Sweet, Lynn (October 5, 2010).
Obama signs 'Rosa's Law;' 'mental retardation' out, 'intellectual disability' in
". ''Chicago Sun-Times''.

References

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Obsolete terms for mental disorders
Pejorative terms for people with disabilities
Intellectual disability
Obsolete medical terms
Slurs related to low intelligence