An idiopathic disease is any

disease A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function (biology), function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical condi ...

with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin. For some medical conditions, one or more causes are somewhat understood, but in a certain percentage of people with the condition, the cause may not be readily apparent or characterized. In these cases, the origin of the condition is said to be idiopathic. With some other medical conditions, the root cause for a large percentage of all cases has not been established—for example, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or ankylosing spondylitis; the majority of these cases are deemed idiopathic. Certain medical conditions, when idiopathic, notably some forms of

epilepsy Epilepsy is a group of Non-communicable disease, non-communicable Neurological disorder, neurological disorders characterized by a tendency for recurrent, unprovoked Seizure, seizures. A seizure is a sudden burst of abnormal electrical activit ...

and

stroke Stroke is a medical condition in which poor cerebral circulation, blood flow to a part of the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: brain ischemia, ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and intracranial hemorrhage, hemor ...

, are preferentially described by the synonymous term of cryptogenic.

Derivation

The term 'idiopathic' derives from Greek ''idios'' "one's own" and ''pathos'' "suffering", so ''idiopathy'' means approximately "a disease of its own kind".

Examples

Diseases where the cause is seen as wholly or partly idiopathic include: * Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis * Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis * Idiopathic intracranial hypertension * Idiopathic chronic fatigue * Granulomatous prostatitis

Medical advances and this term

Advances in medical science improve the understanding of causes of diseases and the classification of diseases; thus, regarding any particular condition or disease, as more root causes are discovered and as events that seemed spontaneous have their origins revealed, the percentage of cases designated as idiopathic will decrease. Environmental and occupational risk factors are increasingly being associated with diseases classified as ''idiopathic''. Emerging evidence indicates a complex relationship between intrinsic ( genetic) and extrinsic (environmental and occupational risk factors) factors in disease physiopathology.

Usage of synonyms

The word ''essential'' is sometimes synonymous with ''idiopathic'' (as in essential hypertension, essential thrombocythemia, and essential tremor) and the same is true of ''primary'' (as in primary biliary cholangitis, or ''primary amenorrhea''), with the latter term being used in such cases to contrast with ''secondary'' in the sense of "secondary to .e., caused bysome other condition." Another, less common synonym is ''agnogenic'' (''agno-'', "unknown" + ''-gen'', "cause" + ''-ic''). The word ''cryptogenic'' ('' crypto-'', "hidden" + ''-gen'', "cause" + ''-ic'') has a

sense A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of Stimulus (physiology), stimuli. Although, in some cultures, five human senses were traditio ...

that is synonymous with ''idiopathic'' and a sense that is contradistinguished from it. Some disease classifications prefer the use of the synonymous term ''cryptogenic disease'' as in cryptogenic stroke, and cryptogenic

. The use of cryptogenic is also sometimes reserved for cases where it is presumed that the cause is simple and will be found in the future. Some congenital conditions are idiopathic, and sometimes the word ''congenital'' is used synonymously with ''idiopathic''; but careful usage prefers to reserve the word ''congenital'' for conditions to which the literal sense of the word applies (that is, those whose pathophysiology has existed since the neonatal period).

Syndrome without a name

The term syndrome without a name (SWAN) is used "when a child or young adult is believed to have a genetic condition and testing has failed to identify its genetic cause". It is believed that "about half (50%) of children with learning disabilities and approximately 60% of children with congenital disabilities (disabilities which are apparent from birth) do not have a definitive diagnosis to explain the cause of their difficulties".

References

External links

* {{wiktionary-inline Medical terminology Nosology