heavy equipment

Heavy equipment or heavy machinery refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for executing

construction

tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. ''Heavy equipment'' usually comprises five equipment systems: implementation, traction, structure,

power train

, control and information.C. B. Tatum et al., J. Constr. Engrg. and Mgmt. 132, 987 (2006)
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Heavy equipment has been used since at least the 1st century BCE when the ancient Roman engineer

Vitruvius

described a crane in ''

De architectura

'' when it was powered via human or animal labor.

Heavy equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine, the

ratio

between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied, making tasks which could take hundreds of people and weeks of labor without heavy equipment far less intensive in nature. Some equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.

The term "plant" is used to refer to any mobile type of heavy machinery.

History

The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman engineer

Vitruvius

(1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise ''

De architectura

''. The

pile driver

was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented by Marc Isambard Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam and diesel, to electric and robotic

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steam-powered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new engines, such as the

combine harvester

. The design of a core tractor evolved around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine, that can be configured as the steam tractor and the

steamroller

. During the 20th century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy equipment.

Kerosene

and ethanol engines were used, but today

diesel engine

s are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered machines such as the

forklift

. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced heavy machine was the Fordson tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the 1901

Lombard Steam Log Hauler

. The use of tracks became popular for

tank

s during

World War I

, and later for civilian machinery like the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles and mobile land machines are bucket-wheel excavators, built since the 1920s.

"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary earthmoving machine: the hand shovel – moved with animal and human powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by which material was either sidecast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually a

wheelbarrow

, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basket—and masses of men—were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used the

inclined plane

, levers, and

pulley

s to place solid building materials, but these labor-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be provided by the technology of that time."

Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and made

containerization

possible.

Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment to and from sites.

Most of the major equipment manufacturers such as Caterpillar, Volvo, Liebherr, and Bobcat have released or have been developing fully or partially electric-powered heavy equipment. Commercially-available models and R&D models were announced in 2019 and 2020.

Robotics and autonomy has been a growing concern for heavy equipment manufacturers with manufacturers beginning research and technology acquisition. A number of companies are currently developing (Caterpillar and Bobcat) or have launched ( Built Robotics) commercial solutions to the market.

Types

These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment categorization.

Track-type
*

Agricultural tractors

*

Bulldozer

*

Snowcat

* Track skidder
* Track-type tractors (

Bulldozer

)
*

Tractor

*Military engineering vehicles

Grader
*

Grader

SkidSteer
* Skid steer loader

Excavator
* Amphibious excavator
*Compact excavator
*

Dragline excavator

*Dredging
*Bucket-wheel excavator
*

Excavator

(digger)
* Long reach excavator
*Power shovel
*Reclaimer
*Steam shovel
*Suction excavator
* Walking Excavator
*Trencher (machine)
*Yarder

Backhoe
*Backhoe loader,

Backhoe

Timber
*Feller buncher
* Harvester
*Skidder
* Track harvester
*

Wheel forwarder

* Wheel skidder

Pipelayer
* Pipelayer (sideboom)

Scraper
*Fresno scraper
*

Scraper

*

Wheel tractor-scraper

(belly scraper)
Mining
* Construction & mining tractor
* Construction & mining trucks
Articulated
*Articulated hauler
* Articulated truck

Compactor
* Wheel dozers – soil compactors
* Soil stabilizer

Loader
*Loader
* Skip loader (skippy)
*Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)

Track loader
*Track loader

Material handler
*Aerial work platform / Lift table
*

Cherry picker

* Crane
*

Forklift

*

Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)

&

Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount)

*Straddle carrier
*Reach stacker
*Telescopic handlers

Paving
*

Asphalt paver

*

Asphalt plant

* Cold planer
* Cure rig
* Paver
*Pavement milling
*

Pneumatic tire compactor

*

Roller

(road roller or roller compactor)
*

Slipform paver

*

Vibratory compactor

, Compactor

Underground
*

Roadheader

*Tunnel boring machine
*Underground mining equipment

Hydromatic tool
*

Ballast tamper

* Attachments
*

Drilling machine

*

Pile driver

*Rotary tiller (rototiller, rotovator)

Hydraulic machinery

Highway
*

Dump truck

* Highway 10 yard rear dump
* Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly train), dump truck#Double and triple trailer bottom dump truck, triple
*dump truck#Semi trailer end dump truck, Highway end dump and dump truck#Side dump truck, side dump
*dump truck#Transfer dump truck, Highway transfer, dump truck#Transfer dump truck, Transfer train
*In-transit mixer, Highway transit-mixer
*Lowboy (trailer)
*street sweeper#Modern sweepers, Street sweeper

Images

File:CAT-D10N-pic001.jpg, The Caterpillar D10N bulldozer evolved from caterpillar tracks, tracked-type tractors and is characterized by a steel blade attached to the front that is used to push other equipment and construction materials, such as, Earthworks (archaeology), earth.
File:Komatsu excavator PC210LC.JPG, The bucket excavator Komatsu PC210-LC.
File:SMC 200 R.jpg, The wheel trencher MARAIS SMC 200 R.
File:DrillingMachine with ConcreteMixer and Pump02.jpg, Iron bar reinforced foundation Deep foundation, piles are driven with a drilling machine, concrete pump, mixer-truck, and a specialized auger that allows pumping concrete through its axis while withdrawn.
File:Dillingen Kran.jpg, Fixed crane in a coal mine in Germany
File:TZAMA Panorama1m.jpg, Caterpillar D9L bulldozer, excavators and other heavy equipment vehicles parked near a quarry in Israel
File:Garzweiler Tagebau-1230.jpg, Bucket wheel excavators in Garzweiler surface mine, Germany
File:Komatsu Wheel Loader WA600-6,Hitachinaka city,Japan.jpg, Wheel Loader (equipment), loader
File:Komatsu GD655 grader (11815425133).jpg, Grader cleaning and leveling
File:Visible progress continues to show at the new Folsom Dam auxiliary spillway Sept. 23 as work on the approach channel and downstream chute take center stage. (21087516643).jpg, Heavy duty excavator with large bucket equipped.
File:Landfill compactor.jpg, Landfill compactor (tamping tip)
File:Komatsu bulldozer pushing coal in Power plant Ljubljana (winter 2017).jpg, Komatsu Dozer pushing coal on the job site
File:Frontloaderorange.jpg, A wheeled Loader (equipment), front loader tractor equipped with a large bucket elevated by hydraulic rams.
File:Aa Truckconveyor brooklane Epart DSCF0461.JPG, Folded conveyor on a tracked grinder

File:IDF-D9-ZE001.jpg, The militarized Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer allows for Earthworks (engineering), earthmoving projects in a combat environment. In the picture: IDF Caterpillar D9R.
File:HSW 9.50 PICT0141.jpg, The militarized Huta Stalowa Wola backhoe loader in Poland which is subsidiary of LiuGong China
Image:Img 613c.jpg, Military Wheel tractor-scraper, scraper
Image:Pionierpanzer Dachs (2008).jpg, PiPz Dachs armoured engineering vehicle of the German Army (2008)
File:Temporary roads deployment complex KRVD during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition (side-rear view).jpg , Temporary roads deployment complex during the "Army (International Military-Technical Forum), Armiya 2021" exhibition

Implements and hydromechanical work tools

*auger (drill), auger
*backhoe
*bale spear
*broom
*Dozer blade, bulldozer blade
*clam shell bucket
*cold plane
*demolition, demolition shears
*equipment bucket
*excavator bucket
*Caster, forks
*grapple (tool), grapple
*breaker (hydraulic), hydraulic hammer, hoe ram
*hydraulics
*hydraulic tilting bucket (4-in-1)
*landscape tiller
*crane (machine)#Mobile, material handling arm
*mechanical pulverizer, crusher
*multi processor
*pavement removal bucket
*

pile driver

*power take-off (PTO)
*quick coupler
*Rake (tool), rake
*bulldozer#Ripper, ripper
*rotating grab
*road roller#Drum types, sheep's foot compactor
*skeleton bucket
*snow blower
*stump grinder
*stump shear
*thumb
*tiltrotator
*trencher (machine), trencher
*vibrator (mechanical), vibratory plate compactor
*wheel saw

Traction: Off-the-road tires and tracks

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction applications. While many types of equipment have Caterpillar track, continuous tracks applicable to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of off-the-road tires, ''transport'' for earthmoving machines, ''work'' for slow moving earthmoving machines, and ''load and carry'' for transporting as well as digging. Off-highway tires have six categories of service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given to prevent excessive wear or damage.

Powertrain

*internal combustion engine
*transmission (mechanics), transmission
*steering (tracked equipment)
*brakes

Control and information

:''"The control and information systems. These systems enable the operator to direct and control all the other systems and provide information to guide operations or to monitor the performance and health of the equipment."''

Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment (construction), heavy equipment used in engineering and

construction

projects. Typically only skilled workers may operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use heavy equipment.

Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive positions.

Equipment cost

Due to the small profit margins on construction projects it is important to maintain accurate records concerning equipment utilization, repairs and maintenance. The two main categories of equipment costs are ownership cost and operating cost.

Ownership cost

To classify as an ownership cost an expense must have been incurred regardless of if the equipment is used or not. These costs are as follows:

*price, purchase expense
*salvage value
*MACRS, tax savings from depreciation
*major repairs and wikt:overhaul, overhauls
*property taxes
*insurance
*storage

Depreciation can be calculated several ways, the simplest is the straight-line method. The annual depreciation is constant, reducing the equipment value annually. The following are simple equations paraphrased from the Peurifoy & Schexnayder text:

Operating cost

For an expense to be classified as an operating cost, it must be incurred through use of the equipment. These costs are as follows:Bartholomew, S.H. "Estimating and Bidding for Heavy Construction" CSU Chico, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, , 2000

The biggest distinction from a cost standpoint is if a repair is classified as a ''major repair'' or a ''minor repair''. A major repair can change the depreciable equipment value due to an extension in service life, while a minor repair is normal maintenance, repair and operations, maintenance. How a firm chooses to cost major and minor repairs vary from firm to firm depending on the costing strategies being used. Some firms will charge only major repairs to the equipment while minor repairs are costed to a project. Another common costing strategy is to cost all repairs to the equipment and only frequently replaced wear items are excluded from the equipment cost. Many firms keep their costing structure closely guarded as it can impact the bidding strategies of their competition. In a company with multiple semi-independent divisions, the equipment department often wants to classify all repairs as "minor" and charge the work to a job – therefore improving their 'profit' from the equipment.

Models

Die-cast toy, Die-cast metal promotional scale models of heavy equipment are often produced for each vehicle to give to prospective customers. These are typically in 1:50 scale. The popular manufacturers of these models are Conrad (company), Conrad and NZG Models, NZG in Germany, even for US vehicles.

Notable manufacturers

The largest 10 construction equipment manufacturers in 2015 _{based on revenue data of top 50 manufacturers published by KHL Group}

Other manufacturers include:

*Atlas Copco
*BEML Limited (formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited; India)
*Bobcat Company
*Case Construction Equipment
*Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
*CNH Global
*Demag
*Fiat-Allis
*HIAB
*Hidromek
*Hyundai Heavy Industries
*Ingersoll Rand
*JCB (company), JCB
*Kubota Corporation, Kubota
*Kobelco Construction Machinery America, Kobelco
*LiuGong
*MARAIS
*Navistar International Corporation
*NCK
*New Holland Construction, New Holland
*Track Marshall
*Orenstein and Koppel GmbH (O&K)
*Paccar
*Poclain
*Rototilt
*Shantui
*ST Kinetics
*Takeuchi Manufacturing
*Wacker Neuson
*Yanmar
*Zoomlion

See also

*Construction equipment theft
*Non-road engine
*Associated Equipment Distributors, the trade association for heavy equipment distributors

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heavy Equipment (Construction)
Heavy equipment,
Construction equipment,
Engineering vehicles,