''Haute cuisine'' (; ) or ''grande cuisine'' is the

cuisine A cuisine is a style of cooking characterized by distinctive ingredients, techniques and dishes, and usually associated with a specific culture or geographic region. Regional food preparation techniques, customs, and ingredients combine to ...

of "high-level" establishments, gourmet restaurants, and luxury hotels. ''Haute cuisine'' is characterized by the meticulous preparation and careful presentation of food at a high price.

Early history

''Haute cuisine'' represents the cooking and eating of carefully prepared food from regular and premium ingredients, prepared by specialists, and commissioned by those with the financial means to do so. It has had a long evolution through the monarchy and the

bourgeoisie The bourgeoisie ( , ) is a social class, equivalent to the middle or upper middle class. They are distinguished from, and traditionally contrasted with, the proletariat by their affluence, and their great cultural and financial capital. Th ...

and their ability to explore and afford prepared dishes with exotic and varied flavors and looking like architectural wonders. ''Haute cuisine'' distinguished itself from regular French cuisine by what was cooked and served, by obtaining premium ingredients such as fruit out of season, and by using ingredients not typically found in France. Trained kitchen staff was essential to the birth of ''haute cuisine'' in France, which was organized at the turn of the century by

August Escoffier Georges Auguste Escoffier (; 28 October 1846 – 12 February 1935) was a French chef, restaurateur and culinary writer who popularized and updated traditional French cooking methods. Much of Escoffier's technique was based on that of Marie-Antoi ...

into the

brigade de cuisine (, "kitchen brigade") is a system of hierarchy found in restaurants and hotels employing extensive staff, commonly referred to as "kitchen staff" in English-speaking countries. The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier (1846–1935) ...

. The extravagant presentations and complex techniques that came from these kitchens required ingredients, time, equipment, and therefore money. For this reason, early ''haute cuisine'' was accessible to a small demographic of rich and powerful individuals. Not only were professional chefs responsible for building and shaping ''haute cuisine'', but their role in the cuisine was what differentiated it from regular French cuisine. ''Haute cuisine'' is influenced by

French cuisine French cuisine () is the cooking traditions and practices from France. It has been influenced over the centuries by the many surrounding cultures of Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Germany and Belgium, in addition to the food traditions of the re ...

with elaborate preparations and presentations that serves small, multiple courses prepared by a hierarchical kitchen staff, historically at the grand restaurants and hotels of Europe. The cuisine was very rich and opulent, with decadent sauces made out of butter, cream, and flour, the basis for many typical French sauces still in use today. The 17th-century chef and writer La Varenne (1615-1678) marked a change from cookery as known in the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

, to somewhat lighter dishes, and more modest presentations. Subsequently, Antonin Carême (1784-1833) also published works on cooking, and he simplified and codified an earlier and even more complex cuisine. Nineteenth-century French ''haute cuisine'' interacted with the development of

fine dining Fine may refer to: Characters * Sylvia Fine (''The Nanny''), Fran's mother on ''The Nanny'' * Officer Fine, a character in ''Tales from the Crypt'', played by Vincent Spano Legal terms * Fine (penalty), money to be paid as punishment for an of ...

in Britain.

Cuisine classique

Georges Auguste Escoffier is a central figure in the modernisation of ''haute cuisine'' as of about 1900, which became known as ''cuisine classique''. These were simplifications and refinements of the early work of Carême, Jules Gouffé and Urbain Dubois. It was practised in the grand restaurants and hotels of Europe and elsewhere for much of the 20th century. The major developments were to replace service ''à la française'' (serving all dishes at once) with service ''à la russe'' (serving meals in courses) and to develop a system of cookery, based on Escoffier's '' Le Guide Culinaire'', which formalized the preparation of sauces and dishes. In its time, it was considered the pinnacle of ''haute cuisine'', and was a style distinct from ''

cuisine bourgeoise In French gastronomy, ''cuisine bourgeoise'' is the home cooking of middle class families as distinguished from elaborate restaurant cooking, ''haute cuisine'', and from the cooking of the regions, the peasantry, and the urban poor. The ''cuisine b ...

'' (the cuisine of affluent city dwellers), the working-class cuisine of bistros and homes, and cuisines of the French provinces. Jacques Lameloise DSCF6580

Nouvelle cuisine

The 1960s were marked by the appearance of ''nouvelle cuisine'', as chefs rebelled from Escoffier's "orthodoxy" and complexity. Although the term ''nouvelle cuisine'' had been used in the past, the modern usage can be attributed to authors André Gayot,André Gayot, "Of Stars and ''Tripes'': The True Story of Nouvelle Cuisine" Henri Gault, and Christian Millau, who used ''nouvelle cuisine'' to describe the cooking of Paul Bocuse, Alain Chapel, Jean and Pierre Troisgros, Michel Guérard, Roger Vergé and Raymond Oliver, many of whom were once students of Fernand Point.Mennel, Stephan. All Manners of Food: eating and taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the present. 2nd ed., (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 163-164. In general, ''nouvelle cuisine'' puts an emphasis on natural flavours, so the freshest possible ingredients are used, preparation is simplified, heavy sauces are less common, as are strong marinades for meat, and cooking times are often reduced. ''Nouvelle cuisine'' was a movement towards conceptualism and

minimalism In visual arts, music and other media, minimalism is an art movement that began in post–World War II in Western art, most strongly with American visual arts in the 1960s and early 1970s. Prominent artists associated with minimalism include Do ...

and was a direct juxtaposition to earlier ''haute cuisine'' styles of cooking, which were much more extravagant. While menus were increasingly short, dishes used more inventive pairings and relied on inspiration from regional dishes. Within 20 years, however, chefs began returning to the earlier style of ''haute cuisine'', although many of the new techniques remained.

Early history

Cuisine classique

Nouvelle cuisine

References

Further reading