haramiyidan

Haramiyida ("thief" from Arabic الحرامية (al ḥarāmiyah), "thief, bandit") is a possibly polyphyletic order of mammaliaform cynodonts or mammals of controversial taxonomic affinites. Their teeth, which are by far the most common remains, resemble those of the multituberculates. However, based on ''Haramiyavia'', the jaw is less derived; and at the level of evolution of earlier basal mammals like '' Morganucodon'' and ''Kuehneotherium'', with a groove for ear ossicles on the dentary. If they are early multituberculates, they would be the longest lived mammalian clade of all time. However, a more recent study in November 2015 may dispute this and suggested the Haramiyida were not crown mammals, but were part of an earlier offshoot of mammaliaformes instead. It is also disputed whether the Late Triassic species are closely related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous members belonging to Euharamiyida/Eleutherodontida, as some phylogenetic studies recover the two groups as unrelated, recovering the Triassic haramiyidians as non-mammalian cynodonts, while recovering the Euharamiyida as crown-group mammals closely related to multituberculates.

Relationships

Haramiyids show certain similarities to multituberculates, a group of mammals that survived until about 40 million years ago. It is possible that haramiyids are ancestral to multituberculates, although the available evidence is insufficient to be conclusive. Certain characteristics of the teeth seem to rule out a special relationship between the two groups, although some studies still unite haramiyids (or at least euharamiyids) and multituberculates in the Allotheria hypothesis.

In a 2018 study, haramiyidans have been found to be a monophyletic group of non-mammalian Mammaliaformes. In this study, gondwanatheres – usually interpreted as mammals, and derived multituberculates in particular – have been found to be deeply nested among them.Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Grossnickle, David M.; Kirkland, James, I.; Schultz, Julia A.; Luo, Zhe-Xi (23 May 2018). "Late-surviving stem mammal links the lowermost Cretaceous of North America and Gondwana". ''Nature''. 558 (7708): 108–112. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0126-y. Retrieved 23 May 2018.

Taxonomy

Order †HaramiyidaMikko's Phylogeny Archiv

Hahn, Sigogneau-Russell & Wouters, 1989 aramiyoidea Hahn, 1973 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997* †'' Kirtlingtonia'' Butler & Hooker, 2005
*Family † Haramiyaviidae Butler, 2000
** †''Haramiyavia'' Jenkins ''et al.'', 1997
*Family † Theroteinidae Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986
** †''Theroteinus nikolai'' Sigogneau-Russell, Frank & Hammerle, 1986
** †''Theroteinus rosieriensis'' Sigogneau-Russell, 2016
*Family † Haramiyidae Poche, 1908 aramiyidae Simpson, 1947 sensu Jenkins ''et al.'', 1997; Microlestidae Murry, 1866; Microcleptidae Simpson, 1928** †'' Eoraetica''
**'' Hypsiprymnopsis rhaeticus'' Dawkins, 1864 'Microlestes rhaeticus'' Dawkins, 1864** †'' Avashishta bacharamensis'' Anantharaman ''et al.'', 2006
** ?†'' Allostaffia aenigmatica'' (Heinrich, 1999) Heinrich 2004 'Staffia'' Heinrich, 1999 non Schubert, 1911; ''Staffia aenigmatica'' Heinrich, 1999 possible, gondwanathere instead.
** †''Thomasia'' Poche, 1908 'Haramiya'' Simpson, 1947; ''Microlestes'' Plieninger, 1847 non Schmidt-Goebel, 1846; ''Microcleptes'' Simpson, 1928 non Newman, 1840; ''Plieningeria'' Krausse, 1919; ''Stathmodon'' Henning, 1911]
*** †''Thomasia (animal), T. woutersi'' Butler & MacIntyre, 1994
*** †''Thomasia (animal), T. hahni'' Butler & MacIntyre, 1994
*** †''Haramiya, T. moorei'' (Owen 1871) Butler & MacIntyre, 1994 'Haramiya moorei'' (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1947; ''Microleptes moorei'' Owen, 1871; ''Microcleptes moorei'' (Owen, 1871) Simpson, 1928*** †'' T. antiqua'' (Plieninger, 1847) Poche 1908 [''Microlestes antiquus'' Plieninger, 1847; ''Haramiya antiqua'' (Plieninger, 1847); ''Microleptes fissurae'' Simpson, 1928; ''Haramiya fissurae'' (Simpson 1928); ''Haramiya butleri'' Sigogneau-Russell, 1990; ''Thomasia anglica'' Simpson, 1928]
*†Hahnodontidae Sigogneau-Russell, 1991
**†''Cifelliodon wahkarmoosuch'' Huttenlocker ''et al.'', 2018
**† ''Denisodon''
**† ''Hahnodon taqueti'' Sigogneau-Russell, 1991

*†Euharamiyida Bi et al., 1994
*?†Gondwanatheria Mones, 1987

Lifestyle

Haramiyids seem to have generally been herbivorous or omnivorous, possibly the first mammalian herbivores; however, the sole haramiyid tested in a study involving Mesozoic mammal dietary habits, ''Haramiyavia'', ranks among insectivorous species. At least some species were very good climbers and were similar to modern day squirrels;
and several others have more recently been reassessed as possibly arboreal. General arboreal habits might explain their rarity in the fossil record.

Several haramiyidans, ''Maiopatagium'', ''Xianshou'', ''Vilevolodon'' and '' Arboroharamiya'', took it one step further and developed the ability to glide, having extensive membranes similar to those of modern colugos. In many of these taxa, the coracoid bones (absent in modern therians but present in many other mammal groups, albeit highly reduced) are remarkably large and similar to those of birds and pterosaurs, presumably due to impact stresses at landing.

Mammalian tooth marks on dinosaur bones may belong to ''Sineleutherus'', suggesting that some haramiyidans scavenged on dinosaur remains.

Range

The fossils of Late Triassic Haramiyids are primarily known from Europe and Greenland, while the fossils of Euharamiyids are primarily known from the Middle to Late Jurassic of Asia. Remains of eleutherodontids from Europe are only known from isolated teeth.

The youngest haramiyid fossil genus has been considered to be possibly be '' Avashishta bacharamensis'' from the Maastrichtian of India, however, this has not been robustly assessed by phylogenetics. The youngest definitive euharamiyidan is '' Cryoharamiya'' from the Early Creatceous Batylykh Formation of Yakutia, Russia.

Notes

References

* Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, ''Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 249–260.

External links

Palaeos, Mammaliaformes: Allotheria

John H Burkitt, Mammals, A World Listing of Living and Extinct SpeciesArchived
from the original on 21 December 2004. Retrieved 2015-06-18.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q137933

Late Triassic synapsids
Jurassic synapsids
Transitional fossils
Norian first appearances
Middle Jurassic extinctions
Taxa named by Gerhard Hahn (palaeontologist)
Taxa named by Denise Sigogneau‐Russell