The gang system is a system of
division of labor within
slavery
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
on a
plantation
A plantation is an agricultural estate, generally centered on a plantation house, meant for farming that specializes in cash crops, usually mainly planted with a single crop, with perhaps ancillary areas for vegetables for eating and so on. The ...
. It is the more brutal of two main types of labor systems. The other form, known as the
task system, was less harsh and allowed the slaves more self-governance than the gang system did. The gang system allowed continuous work at the same pace throughout the day. The first gang, or "great gang," was given the hardest work, for the fittest slaves. The second gang was for less able slaves (teenagers, old people, or the unwell slaves) and this gang was given lighter work. The third gang was given the easiest work.
As an example, the planting gang in the McDuffie plantation was split into three classes (as quoted by Metzer):
*The 1st class, consisting of the best workers, "...those of good judgement and quick motion..."
*The 2nd class, who were the most inefficient and weakest.
*The 3rd class, made up of children.
The first class had to go ahead and create small holes with about distance to each other. The second class then dropped cotton seeds in these holes and the 3rd class covered the holes with dirt.
[ J. Metzer, "Rational Management, Modern Business Practices, and Economies of Scale in the Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations", Explor. Econ. Hist., Apr. 1975, 12, pp. 123-50, here p. 135.]
In the United States, the gang system developed in the nineteenth century and is characteristic of the ante-bellum period (c. 1820-1865). It is especially associated with cotton production in the Deep South, but also is associated with tobacco and sugar production. Rice plantations in Carolina, for example, never adopted a gang system of labor. The idea of a gang system is that enslaved workers would work all day (traditionally, from sunrise to sunset) under the supervision of an overseer.
Breaks for lunch and dinner were part of the system. This is opposed to the task system, under which the worker is released when his assigned task for the day is completed.
See also
*
Task system
References
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Slavery in the United States