Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit

flower A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). The biological function of a flower is to facilitate reproduction, usually by providing a mechanis ...

s for

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametop ...

and

nectar Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualist ...

, or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in partic ...

. The group is also called fruit and flower chafers, flower beetles and flower scarabs. There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed. Twelve tribes are presently recognized:

Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina *''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

, Cremastocheilini, Diplognathini, Goliathini, Gymnetini, Phaedimini, Schizorhinini, Stenotarsiini, Taenioderini, Trichiini, Valgini, and Xiphoscelidini. The tribe Gymnetini is the biggest of the American tribes, and Goliathini contains the largest species, and is mainly found in the

rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...

regions of

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Description

Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus. The

elytra An elytron (; ; , ) is a modified, hardened forewing of beetles (Coleoptera), though a few of the true bugs (Hemiptera) such as the family Schizopteridae are extremely similar; in true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra (sometimes alterna ...

lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the

pygidium The pygidium (plural pygidia) is the posterior body part or shield of crustaceans and some other arthropods, such as insects and the extinct trilobites. In groups other than insects, it contains the anus and, in females, the ovipositor. It is compo ...

. The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal

sternites The sternum (pl. "sterna") is the ventral portion of a segment of an arthropod thorax or abdomen. In insects, the sterna are usually single, large sclerites, and external. However, they can sometimes be divided in two or more, in which case the ...

with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size. A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra. Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the

prothorax The prothorax is the foremost of the three segments in the thorax of an insect, and bears the first pair of legs. Its principal sclerites (exoskeletal plates) are the pronotum ( dorsal), the prosternum ( ventral), and the propleuron ( lateral) o ...

. Each antenna has the apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral

stridulating Stridulation is the act of producing sound by rubbing together certain body parts. This behavior is mostly associated with insects, but other animals are known to do this as well, such as a number of species of fish, snakes and spiders. The mech ...

area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline.

Biology

Adult cetoniines are

herbivorous A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet. As a result of their plant diet, herbivorous animals typically have mouthpar ...

, being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit. Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied

nymphs A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are ...

Auchenorrhyncha The Auchenorrhyncha suborder of the Hemiptera contains most of the familiar members of what was called the "Homoptera" – groups such as cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers, planthoppers, and spittlebugs. The aphids and scale insects are the othe ...

. '' Spilophorus'' spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds, while '' Spilophorus maculatus'' has been recorded feeding on ''

Oxyrhachis ''Oxyrhachis'' is a genus of African plants in the grass family. The only known species is ''Oxyrhachis gracillima'', native to Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cameroon, Tanzania, Madagascar, KwaZulu-Natal, Cape Province The Province of the Cape o ...

'' sp. nymphs and '' Hoplostomus fuligineus'' is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the pupae of the wasp '' Belonogaster petiolata''. '' Campsiura javanica'' feeds on the larvae of '' Ropalidia montana'' in southern India. '' Cremastocheilus stathamae'' feeds on ants of the genus '' Myrmecocystus''. In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (thanks to the emargination of the elytra). Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs.

Systematics and taxonomy

The tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, with some notable genera also listed, are:

Tribus
Cetoniini Cetoniini is a tribe of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are over 80 genera in Cetoniini. Genera Subtribus Cetoniina ''Aethiessa'' Burmeister, 1842 '' Anatona'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis' ...

Subtribus Cetoniina *''

Aethiessa ''Aethiessa'' is a genus of scarab beetles belonging to the subfamily Cetoniinae Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to brows ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *''

Anatona ''Anatona'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classification of ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anelaphinis'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Aphelinis'' Antoine, 1987 *'' Atrichelaphinis'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Atrichiana'' Distant, 1911 *'' Badizoblax'' Thomson, 1877 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *'' Centrantyx'' Fairmaire, 1884 *''

Cetonia ''Cetonia'' is a genus of beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Co ...

'' Fabricius, 1775 *'' Chewia'' Legrand, 2004 *'' Chiloloba'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Cosmesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Cosmiophaena'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Dischista'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Dolichostethus'' Kolbe, 1912 *'' Elaphinis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Enoplotarsus'' Lucas, 1859 *'' Erlangeria'' Preiss, 1902 *'' Gametis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gametoides'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Glycosia'' Schoch, 1896 *''

Glycyphana ''Glycyphana'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. ''Glycyphana'' Burmeister, 1842 * '' Glycyphana stolata'', (brown flower beetle) * '' Glycyphana brunnipes'' * '' Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola) allardi'' Antoine''Bulletin de la Soci ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Gymnophana'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Hemiprotaetia'' Mikšič, 1963 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Heterocnemis'' Albers, 1852 *'' Heterotephraea'' Antoine, 2002 *'' Lawangia'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Lorkovitschia'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Marmylida'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Mireia'' Ruter, 1953 *'' Niphobleta'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pachnoda'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pachnodoides'' Alexis & Delpont, 2002 *'' Paleopragma'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Paranelaphinis'' Antoine, 1988 *'' Paraprotaetia'' Moser, 1907 *'' Pararhabdotis'' Kraatz, 1899 *'' Parastraella'' Antoine, 2006 *'' Parelaphinis'' Holm & Marais, 1989 *'' Phaneresthes'' Kraatz, 1894 *'' Phoxomeloides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Podopholis'' Moser, 1915 *'' Podopogonus'' Moser, 1917 *'' Polybaphes'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Polystalactica'' Kraatz, 1882 *''

Protaetia ''Protaetia'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae, occurring primarily in Asia, and containing over 300 species. Selected species *'' Protaetia affinis'' (Andersch, 1797) *'' Protaetia afflicta'' (Gory & Percheron, 1833) *'' Protae ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 **'' Liocola'' Thomson, 1859 **'' Potosia'' Mulsant & Rey, 1871 *'' Protaetiomorpha'' Mikšič, 1968 *'' Pseudoprotaetia'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Pseudotephraea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Reineria'' Mikšič, 1968 *''

Rhabdotis ''Rhabdotis'' is a genus of the family Scarabaeidae. It differs from ''Pachnoda'' by having the anterior edge of the clypeus tucked in and bilobed, a more elongated and oblique mesosternal projection, and a shiny green elytra punctate, striated ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Rhabdotops'' Krikken, 1981 *'' Rhyxiphloea'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "Rhixiphloea") *'' Simorrhina'' Kraatz, 1886 *'' Somalibia'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Stalagmosoma'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Sternoplus''

Wallace Wallace may refer to: People * Clan Wallace in Scotland * Wallace (given name) * Wallace (surname) * Wallace (footballer, born 1986), full name Wallace Fernando Pereira, Brazilian football left-back * Wallace (footballer, born 1987), full name ...

, 1868 *'' Systellorhina'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Tephraea'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Thyreogonia'' Reitter, 1898 *'' Trichocelis'' Moser, 1908 *'' Trichocephala'' Moser, 1916 *'' Tropinota'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Xeloma'' Kraatz, 1881 Subtribus Euphoriina *''

Euphoria Euphoria ( ) is the experience (or affect) of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music and d ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Chlorixanthe'' Bates, 1889 Subtribus Leucocelina *'' Acrothyrea'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Alleucosma'' Schenkling, 1921 *'' Amaurina'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Analleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Cyrtothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Discopeltis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Grammopyga'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Heteralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Homothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Leucocelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Lonchothyrea'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Mausoleopsis'' Lansberge, 1882 *'' Mecaspidiellus'' Antoine, 1997 *'' Molynoptera'' Kraatz, 1897 *'' Molynopteroides'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Oxythyrea'' Mulsant, 1842 *'' Paleira'' Reiche, 1871 *'' Paralleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Phoxomela'' Schaum, 1844 *'' Pseudalleucosma'' Antoine, 1989 *'' Pseudooxythyrea'' Baraud, 1985

Tribus Cremastocheilini

Subtribus Aspilina *'' Aspilus'' Schaum, 1848 *'' Protochilus'' Krikken, 1976 Subtribus Coenochilina *'' Arielina'' Rossi, 1958 *'' Astoxenus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Basilewskynia'' Schein, 1957 *'' Coenochilus'' Schaum, 1841 *'' Ruterielina'' Rojkoff, 2010 Subtribus Cremastocheilina *'' Centrochilus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Clinterocera'' Motschulsky, 1857 *'' Cremastocheilus'' Knoch, 1801 *'' Cyclidiellus'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Cyclidinus'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Cyclidius'' MacLeay, 1838 *'' Genuchinus'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Lissomelas'' Bates, 1889 *'' Paracyclidius'' Howden, 1971 *'' Platysodes'' Westwood, 1873 *''

Psilocnemis ''Psilocnemis'' is a genus of myermecophilic beetles in the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classif ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Cymophorina *'' Cymophorus'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Myrmecochilus'' Wasmann, 1900 *'' Rhagopteryx'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Genuchina *'' Genuchus'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Meurguesia'' Ruter, 1969 *'' Problerhinus'' Deyrolle, 1864 Subtribus Goliathopsidina *'' Goliathopsis'' Janson, 1881 Subtribus Heterogeniina *'' Heterogenius'' Moser, 1911 Subtribus Lissogeniina *'' Chtonobius'' Burmeister, 1847 *'' Lissogenius'' Schaum, 1844 Subtribus Macromina *'' Brachymacroma'' Kraatz, 1896 *'' Campsiura'' Hope, 1831 *'' Macromina'' Westwood, 1874 *'' Pseudopilinurgus'' Moser, 1918 Subtribus Nyassinina *'' Nyassinus'' Westwood, 1879 Subtribus Oplostomatina *'' Anatonochilus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Laurentiana'' Ruter, 1952 *'' Oplostomus'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Placodidus'' Péringuey, 1900 *'' Scaptobius'' Schaum, 1841 Subtribus Pilinurgina *'' Callynomes'' Mohnike, 1873 *'' Centrognathus'' Guérin-Méneville, 1840 *'' Parapilinurgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Periphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pilinurgus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Spilophorina *'' Spilophorus'' Schaum, 1848 Subtribus Telochilina *'' Telochilus'' Krikken, 1975 Subtribus Trichoplina *'' Lecanoderus'' Kolbe, 1908 *'' Trichoplus'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Trogodina *'' Pseudoscaptobius'' Krikken, 1976 *'' Trogodes'' Westwood, 1873

Tribus Diplognathini

*'' Anoplocheilus'' MacLeay, 1838 *'' Anthracophora'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Anthracophorides'' Moser, 1918 *'' Apocnosoides'' Antoine, 2001 *'' Charadronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Conradtia'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Diphrontis'' Gerstäcker, 1882 *'' Diplognatha'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Eriulis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hadrodiplognatha'' Kraatz, 1898 *'' Heteropseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Lamellothyrea'' Krikken, 1980 *'' Metallopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Niphetophora'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Odontorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Parapoecilophila'' Hauser, 1904 *'' Phonopleurus'' Moser, 1919 *'' Pilinopyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Porphyronota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pseudinca'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Stethopseudinca'' Valck Lucassen, 1933 *'' Tetragonorhina'' Kraatz, 1896 (= "Tetragonorrhina") *'' Trichostetha'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Triplognatha'' Krikken, 1987 *'' Trymodera'' Gerstaecker, 1867 *'' Uloptera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Goliathini

Subtribus Dicronocephalina *'' Dicronocephalus'' Hope, 1837 Subtribus Goliathina *'' Fornasinius'' Bertoloni, 1853 *'' Goliathus''

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolo ...

, 1801 *'' Hegemus'' J. Thomson, 1881 *'' Hypselogenia'' Burmeister, 1840 Subtribus Ichnestomatina *'' Gariep'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Ichnestoma'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Karooida'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Mzansica'' Perissinotto, 2020 *'' Paraxeloma'' Holm, 1988 Subtribus Rhomborhinina *'' Anagnathocera'' Arrow, 1922 *'' Anisorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Asthenorhella'' Westwood, 1874 (= "''Asthenorrhella''" Bergé, = "''Asthenorrhinella''" Schoch) *'' Asthenorhina'' Westwood, 1843 (= "''Asthenorrhina''" Gemminger & Harold) *'' Bietia'' Fairmaire, 1898 *'' Bothrorrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Caelorrhina'' Hope, 1841 (= "''Coelorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Cheirolasia'' Westwood, 1843 *'' Chloresthia'' Fairmaire, 1905 *'' Chlorocala'' Kirby, 1828 *''

Chondrorrhina ''Chondrorrhina'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. Species * ''Chondrorrhina abbreviata'' (Fabricius, 1792) * '' Chondrorrhina collinsi'' Allard, 1992 - Ethiopia * ''Chondrorr ...

'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Compsocephalus'' White, 1845 *'' Cosmiomorpha'' Saunders, 1854 *'' Cyphonocephalus'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Desfontainesia'' Alexis & Delpont, 1999 *'' Dicellachilus'' Waterhouse, 1905 *''

Dicheros ''Dicheros'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. Cladogram References Catalogue of Life
Cetoniinae {{Cetoniinae-stub ...

'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *''

Dicronorhina ''Dicronorhina'' is a small genus of fairly large sub-Saharan flower chafer Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to browse on ...

'' Hope, 1837 (= "''Dicranorrhina''" Burmeister, "''Dicronorrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Diphyllomorpha'' Hope, 1843 *'' Dymusia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Euchloropus'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Eudicella'' White, 1839 *'' Eutelesmus'' Waterhouse, 1880 *'' Gnathocera'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Gnorimimelus'' Kaatz, 1880 *'' Hemiheterorrhina'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Herculaisia'' Seilliere, 1910 *'' Heterorhina'' Westwood, 1842 (= "''Heterorrhina''") *'' Ingrisma'' Fairmaire, 1893 *'' Ischnoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 Ischnocelis_hoepfneri_MHNT

*''

Jumnos ''Jumnos'' is a genus of beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Co ...

'' Saunders, 1839 *'' Lansbergia'' Ritsema, 1888 *'' Lophorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Lophorrhinides'' Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019 *'' Mawenzhena'' Alexis & Delpont, 2001 *'' Mecynorhina'' Hope, 1837 *'' Moseriana'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Mystroceros'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Narycius'' Dupont, 1835 *'' Neomystroceros'' Alexis & Delpont, 1998 *'' Neophaedimus'' Schoch, 1894 *''

Neoscelis ''Neoscelis'' is a genus of beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The ...

'' Schoch, 1897 *'' Pedinorrhina'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Petrovitzia'' Mikšić, 1965 *''

Plaesiorrhina ''Chondrorrhina'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. Species * ''Chondrorrhina abbreviata'' (Fabricius, 1792) * ''Chondrorrhina collinsi'' Allard, Vitenskapsåret 1992, 1992 - Eth ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Platynocephalus'' Westwood, 1854 *'' Priscorrhina'' Krikken, 1984 *'' Pseudodiceros'' Mikšić, 1974 *'' Pseudotorynorrhina'' Mikšič, 1967 *'' Ptychodesthes'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Raceloma'' J. Thomson, 1877 *'' Rhamphorrhina'' Klug, 1855 *'' Rhinarion'' Ruter, 1965 *'' Rhomborhina'' Hope 1837 (= "''Rhomborrhina''" Burmeister) *'' Scythropesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Smicorhina'' Westwood, 1847 *'' Spelaiorrhina'' Lansberge, 1886 *''

Stephanorrhina ''Stephanorrhina'' is a genus of the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae and tribe Goliathini. Description and Distribution The basic colours of the species belonging to this genus vary from purple to light-green, usually with bright wh ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Taurhina'' Burmeister, 1842 (= "''Taurrhina''" Kraatz) *'' Tmesorrhina'' Westwood, 1842 *''

Torynorrhina ''Torynorrhina'' is genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Cetoniinae. This genus is closely related to the genus ''Rhomborhina''. They can be separated only by examining the difference on the mesosternal process. Spec ...

'' Arrow, 1907 *'' Trichoneptunides'' Legrand, 2001 *'' Trigonophorinus'' Pouillaude, 1913 *'' Trigonophorus'' Hope, 1831

Tribus Gymnetini

Subtribus Blaesiina *''

Blaesia ''Blaesia'' is a genus of beetle of the subfamily Cetoniinae Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or to browse on the petals. Some ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Halffterinetis'' Morón and Nogueira, 2007 Subtribus

Gymnetina ''Gymnetina'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae. There are about six described species in ''Gymnetina''. Species These six species belong to the genus ''Gymnetina'': * '' Gymnetina alboscripta ...

*'' Allorhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Amazula'' Kraatz, 1882 *'' Amithao'' J. Thomson, 1878 *''

Argyripa ''Argyripa'' is a genus of flower chafer belonging to the family Scarabaeidae. This genus includes medium-sized flower chafer without metallic sheen. The color of the body is usually yellow with black dots. The genus is widespread in Central Am ...

'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Astrocara'' Schürhoff, 1937 *'' Badelina'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Balsameda'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Chiriquiba'' Bates, 1889 *'' Clinteria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Clinteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *''

Cotinis ''Cotinis'' is a genus of scarab beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae found throughout North and South America. At least two species (''Cotinis mutabilis'' and ''Cotinis nitida'') are common pests. The genus was erected by Hermann Burmeister in ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Desicasta'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Guatemalica'' Poll, 1886 *''

'' Casey, 1915 *''

Gymnetis ''Gymnetis'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae and subfamily Cetoniinae Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar, or t ...

'' MacLeay, 1819 Gymnetis_stellata_MHNT

*'' Gymnetosoma'' Martínez, 1949 *'' Hadrosticta'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Heterocotinis'' Martínez, 1949 *''

Hologymnetis ''Hologymnetis'' is a genus of fruit and flower chafers in the family Scarabaeidae. There are about eight described species in the genus ''Hologymnetis''. Species These eight species belong to the genus ''Hologymnetis'': * '' Hologymnetis ...

'' Martínez, 1949 (synonym = ''Cineretis'' Schürhoff, 1937) *''

Hoplopyga ''Hoplopyga'' is a genus of beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. These beetles can be found in Central and South America. Species * '' Hoplopyga albiventris'' (Gory & Percheron, 1833) * '' Hoplopyga boliviensis'' Moser, 1918 * '' Hoplopyga bras ...

'' J. Thomson, 1880 *'' Hoplopygothrix'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Jansonella'' Blackwelder, 1944 *'' Macrocranius'' Schürhoff, 1935 *'' Marmarina'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Neocorvicoana'' Ratcliffe & Micó, 2001 *'' Stethodesma'' Bainbridge, 1840 *'' Tiarocera'' Burmeister, 1842

Tribus Phaedimini

*'' Phaedimus'' Waterhouse, 1841 *'' Hemiphaedimus'' Mikšič, 1972 *''

Philistina ''Philistina'' is a genus of beetles belonging to the family Scarabaeidae The family Scarabaeidae, as currently defined, consists of over 30,000 species of beetles worldwide; they are often called scarabs or scarab beetles. The classificatio ...

'' W.S. MacLeay, 1838 *'' Theodosia'' J. Thomson, 1880

Tribus Schizorhinini

Subtribus Lomapterina *'' Agestrata'' Eschscholtz, 1829 *'' Ischiopsopha'' Gestro, 1874 *'' Lomaptera'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Lomapteroides'' Schoch, 1898 *'' Megaphonia'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Morokia'' Janson, 1905 *'' Mycterophallus'' Van de Poll, 1886 Subtribus Schizorhinina *'' Anacamptorrhina'' Blanchard, 1842 *'' Aphanesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Axillonia'' Krikken, 2018 *'' Bisallardiana'' Antoine, 2003 *'' Chalcopharis'' Heller, 1901 *'' Chlorobapta'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Chondropyga'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Clithria'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Diaphonia'' Newman, 1840 *'' Digenethle'' Thomson, 1877 *'' Dilochrosis'' Thomson, 1878 *'' Eupoecila'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Grandaustralis'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013 *'' Hemichnoodes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Hemipharis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Lenosoma'' Macleay, 1863 *'' Lethosesthes'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Lyraphora'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Macrotina'' Strand, 1934 *'' Metallesthes'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Microdilochrosis'' Jákl, 2009 *'' Microlomaptera'' Kraatz, 1885 *'' Micropoecila'' Kraatz, 1880 *''

Navigator A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation.Grierson, MikeAviation History—Demise of the Flight Navigator FrancoFlyers.org website, October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The navigator's prima ...

'' Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2016 *'' Neoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *'' Neorrhina'' J. Thomson, 1878 *'' Octocollis'' Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012 *'' Panglaphyra'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Peotoxus'' Krikken, 1983 *'' Phyllopodium'' Schoch, 1895 *'' Platedelosis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Poecilopharis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pseudoclithria'' Van de Poll, 1886 *'' Schizorhina'' Kirby, 1825 *'' Schochidia'' Berg, 1898 *'' Stenopisthes'' Moser, 1913 *'' Storeyus'' Hasenpusch & Moeseneder 2010 *'' Tafaia'' Valck Lucassen, 1939 *'' Tapinoschema'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Territonia'' Krikken, 2018 *'' Trichaulax'' Kraatz, 1880

Tribus Stenotarsiini

Subtribus Anochiliina *'' Anochilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Epistalagma'' Fairmaire, 1880 Subtribus Chromoptiliina *'' Chromoptilia'' Westwood, 1842 *'' Descarpentriesia'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Coptomiina *'' Bricoptis'' Burmeister, 1842 *''

Coptomia ''Coptomia'' is a genus of flower chafers, a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles, comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae. Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for polle ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Coptomiopsis'' Pouillaude, 1919 *'' Euchilia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Euryomia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Heterocranus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *'' Hiberasta'' Fairmaire, 1901 *'' Hyphelithia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Liostraca'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Micreuchilia'' Pouillaude, 1917 *'' Micropeltus'' Blanchard, 1842 *'' Pareuchilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pseudeuryomia'' Kraatz, 1894 *'' Pygora'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Pyrrhopoda'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Vieuella'' Ruter, 1964 Subtribus Doryscelina *'' Doryscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Epixanthis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hemiaspidius'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Parepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1893 *'' Pseudepixanthis'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Rhynchocephala'' Fairmaire, 1883 Subtribus Euchroeina *'' Euchroea'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Heterophanina *'' Heterophana'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Oxypelta'' Pouillaude, 1920 *'' Pogonotarsus'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Zebinus'' Fairmaire, 1894 Subtribus Heterosomatina *'' Heterosoma'' Schaum, 1845 *'' Plochilia'' Fairmaire, 1896 Subtribus Pantoliina *'' Bonoraella'' Ruter, 1978 *'' Celidota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Cyriodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Dirrhina'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Hemilia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Lucassenia'' Olsoufieff, 1940 *'' Moriaphila'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Pantolia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Tetraodorhina'' Blanchard, 1842 Subtribus Parachilina *'' Parachilia'' Burmeister, 1842 Subtribus Stenotarsiina *'' Callipechis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Ischnotarsia'' Kraatz, 1880 *'' Rhadinotaenia'' Kraatz, 1900 *'' Stenotarsia'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Vadonidella'' Ruter, 1973

Tribus Taenioderini

*'' Anocoela'' Moser, 1914 *'' Bacchusia'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Bombodes'' Westwood, 1848 *'' Carneluttia'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Chalcothea'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Chalcotheomima'' Mikšic, 1970 *'' Clerota'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Coilodera'' Hope, 1831 *'' Costinota'' Schürhoff, 1933 *'' Eumacronota'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Euremina'' Wallace, 1867 *'' Euselates'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Glyptothea'' Bates, 1889 *'' Glyptotheomima'' Mikšic, 1976 *'' Gnorimidia'' van Lansberge, 1887 *'' Hemichalcothea'' Mikšic, 1970 *'' Ixorida'' Thomson, 1880 **'' Mecinonota'' Kraatz, 1892 **'' Oncosterna'' Thomson, 1880 **'' Pseudomecinonota'' Miksic, 1972 *'' Macronotops'' Krikken, 1977 *'' Meroloba'' Thomson, 1880 *'' Microchalcothea'' Moser, 1910 *'' Penthima'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Plectrone'' Wallace, 1867 *'' Pleuronota'' Kraatz, 1892 *'' Pseudochalcothea'' Ritsema, 1882 *'' Taeniodera'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Xenoloba'' Bates, 1889 Gnorimella maculosa (Knoch)

Tribus Trichiini

Subtribus Cryptodontina *'' Coelocorynus'' Kolbe, 1895 *'' Cryptodontes'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Incaina *'' Golinca'' Thomson, 1878 *''

Inca The Inca Empire (also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire), called ''Tawantinsuyu'' by its subjects, ( Quechua for the "Realm of the Four Parts", "four parts together" ) was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The adm ...

'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 *'' Pantodinus'' Burmeister, 1847 Subtribus Osmodermatina *''

Osmoderma ''Osmoderma'' is a genus of beetle in family Scarabaeidae. It contains the following species: * '' Osmoderma brevipenne'' * '' Osmoderma caeleste'' * '' Osmoderma coriarium'' * '' Osmoderma cristinae'' * '' Osmoderma dallieri'' * '' Osmoderma dav ...

'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *'' Platygeniops'' Krikken, 1978 Subtribus Platygeniina *'' Platygenia'' MacLeay, 1819 Subtribus Trichiina *'' Agnorimus'' Miyake et al., 1991 *'' Apeltastes'' Howden, 1968 *'' Brachagenius'' Kraatz, 1890 *'' Calometopidius'' Bourgoin, 1917 *'' Calometopus'' Blanchard, 1850 *'' Campulipus'' Kirby, 1827 *'' Chaetodermina'' Heller, 1921 *'' Clastocnemis'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Coelocratus'' Burmeister, 1841 *'' Corynotrichius'' Kolbe, 1891 *'' Dialithus'' Parry, 1849 *'' Diploa'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Diploeida'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Elpidus'' Péringuey, 1907 *'' Endoxazus'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Epitrichius'' Tagawa, 1941 *'' Eriopeltastes'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Giesbertiolus'' Howden, 1988 *'' Glaphyronyx'' Moser, 1924 *'' Gnorimella'' Casey, 1915 *'' Gnorimus'' Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 *'' Incala'' J. Thomson, 1858 *'' Incalidia'' Janson, 1907 *'' Liotrichius'' Kolbe, 1892 *'' Myodermides'' Ruter, 1964 *'' Myodermum'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Paragnorimus'' Becker, 1910 *'' Paratrichius'' Janson, 1881 *'' Peltotrichius'' Howden, 1968 *'' Pileotrichius'' Bourgoin, 1921 *'' Polyplastus'' Janson, 1880 *'' Stegopterus'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Stripsipher'' Gory & Percheron, 1833 *'' Trichiomorphus'' Bourgoin, 1919 *'' Trichiotinus'' Casey, 1915 *''

Trichius The bee beetles are scarab beetles of the subfamily Cetoniinae. They have hairy sides of the elytra like their relatives, and the upper sides of the elytra are usually yellow with prominent black blotches which form incomplete bands. This, and t ...

'' Fabricius, 1787 *''

Trigonopeltastes ''Trigonopeltastes'' is a genus of flower chafer, fruit and flower chafers in the beetle family Scarabaeidae, found in North and Central America. There are more than 20 described species in ''Trigonopeltastes''. Species * ''Trigonopeltastes ar ...

'' Burmeister, 1840 *'' Xiphoscelidus'' Péringuey, 1907

Tribus Valgini

Subtribe Microvalgina *'' Ischnovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Microvalgus'' Kraatz, 1883 *'' Stenovalgus'' Kolbe, 1892 Subtribe Valgina *'' Acanthovalgus'' Kraatz, 1895 *'' Bivalgus'' Paulian, 1961 *'' Chaetovalgus'' Moser, 1914 *'' Charitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Chromovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Comythovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Cosmovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Dasyvalgoides'' Endrödi, 1952 *'' Dasyvalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Euryvalgus'' Moser, 1908 *'' Excisivalgus'' Endrödi, 1952 *'' Heterovalgus'' Krikken, 1978 *'' Homovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Hoplitovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Hybovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Idiovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Lepivalgus'' Moser, 1914 *'' Lobovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Mimovalgus'' Arrow, 1944 *'' Oedipovalgus'' Kolbe, 1897 *'' Oreoderus'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Oreovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Podovalgus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Pygovalgus'' Kolbe, 1884 *'' Sphinctovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Tibiovalgus'' Kolbe, 1904 *'' Valgoides'' Fairmaire, 1899 *'' Valgus'' Scriba, 1790 *'' Xenoreoderus'' Arrow, 1910 *'' Yanovalgus'' Nomura, 1952

Tribus Xiphoscelidini

*'' Aporecolpa'' van Lansberge, 1886 *'' Callophylla'' Moser, 1916 *'' Heteroclita'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Ischnostomiella'' Krikken, 1978 *'' Meridioclita'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Myodermidius'' Bourgoin, 1920 *'' Neoclita'' Perissinotto, 2017 *'' Oroclita'' Krikken, 1982 *'' Plochiliana'' Ruter, 1978 *'' Protoclita'' Krikken, 1978 *''

Rhinocoeta ''Rhinocoeta'' is a genus of colorful beetles belonging to the subfamily Cetoniinae, family Scarabaeidae. Taxonomy Subgenus ''Rhinocoeta'' Burmeister, 1842 * ''Rhinocoeta armata'' Boheman, 1857 * ''Rhinocoeta cornuta'' (Johan Christian Fabricius ...

'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Scheinia'' Ruter, 1958 *'' Xiphoscelis'' Burmeister, 1842 *'' Xiphosceloides'' Holm, 1992

References

*Evans, Arthur W
Generic Guide to New World Scarabs
*Orozco, Jesus
American Cetoniinae
*Sakai, K. & S. Nagai, 1998. ''The cetoniine Beetles of the Wor''ld. Tokyo: Mushi-Sha. 421p Excellent illustrations of most species. *White, Richard E. (1998). ''Beetles : A Field Guide to the Beetles of North America''. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. .

External links

Illustrated key to South Asian chafers

Punctate Flower Chafer Factfile

Gallery

African Cetoniinae website. Literature page.
flickr
tagged images.

by Oz Rittner {{DEFAULTSORT:Flower Chafer Scarabaeidae Polyphaga subfamilies