Fakir

Fakir ( ar, فقیر, translit=faḳīr or ''faqīr'') is an Islamic term traditionally used for Sufi Muslim ascetics who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the worship of God. They do not necessarily renounce all relationships and take vows of poverty, some may be poor and some may even be wealthy, but the adornments of the temporal worldly life are kept in perspective and do not detract from their constant dedication to God. The connotations of poverty associated with the term relate to their spiritual neediness, not necessarily their physical neediness.

They are characterized by their reverence for '' dhikr'' (a devotional practice which consists of repeating the names of God with various formulas, often performed after the daily prayers). Sufism in the Muslim world emerged during the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) See Googl
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and grew as a mystical tradition in the mainstream Sunni and Shia denominations of Islam, state Eric Hanson and Karen Armstrong, likely in reaction to "the growing worldliness of Umayyad and Abassid societies". Sufi Muslim ascetics (fakirs and dervishes) were highly influential and greatly successful in spreading Islam between the 10th and 19th centuries, particularly to the furthest outposts of the Muslim world in the Middle East and North Africa, the Balkans and Caucasus, the Indian subcontinent, and finally Central, Eastern, and Southeast Asia. Sufi Muslims have spread throughout several continents and cultures over a millennium, originally expressing their beliefs in Arabic, before spreading into Persian, Turkish, Indian languages, and a dozen other languages.

The term ''fakir'' has taken on a more recent and colloquial usage for an ascetic who renounces worldly possessions, and has even been applied to Non-Muslims. ''Fakirs'' are prevalent in the Middle East and South Asia; they are thought to be self-sufficient and possess only the spiritual need for God. The term is also frequently applied to Hindu ascetics (e.g., sadhus, gurus, swamis, and yogis). These usages developed primarily in the Mughal era in the Indian subcontinent. There is also a distinct clan of faqeers found in North India, descended from communities of ''fakirs'' who took up residence at Sufi shrines. 1st Sikh Guru Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji was entitled with Fakir famously known as "Nanak Shah Fakir".

Etymology

The English word ''fakir'' derives from the Arabic term ''faqr'' ( ar, فقر), meaning "poverty". The latter term is from the Arabic root ''f-q-r'', which translates "to hollow out" or ‘to become needy’.

History

Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, who was the son of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib and grandson of Muhammad, is believed to have written a book, ''Mirat ul-Arfeen'', on the topic of ''tasawwuf'', which is said to be the first book on Sufism. However, under Umayyad rule, neither could this book be published nor was it allowed to discuss ''tasawwuf'', Sufism, or ''faqr'' openly. For a long time, after Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, the information and teachings of ''faqr'', ''tasawwuf'', and Sufism kept on transferring from heart to heart.

In English, ''faqir'' or ''fakir'' originally meant a mendicant dervish. In its mystical usage, the word ''fakir'' refers to man's spiritual need for God, who alone is regarded as self-sufficient in the Islamic religion. Although of Muslim origin, the term has come to be applied in the Indian subcontinent to Hindu ascetics and mystics as well, alongside Indian terms such as ''gosvamin'', ''sadhu'', ''bhikku'', and other designations. Fakirs are generally regarded as holy men who possess supernatural or miraculous powers. Among Muslims, the leading Sufi orders (''tariqa'') of fakirs are the Shadhiliyyah, Chishtiyah, Qadiriyah, Naqshbandiyah, and Suhrawardiyah. The ''Cambridge English Dictionary'' defines the term ''fakir'' as "a member of an Islamic religious group, or a holy man".

Attributes

The attributes of a fakir have been defined by many Muslim scholars.

The early Muslim scholar, Abdul-Qadir Gilani, defined Sufism, tasawwuf and faqr in a conclusive manner. Explaining the attributes of a fakir, he says, "faqir is not who can not do anything and is nothing in his self-being. But faqir has all the commanding powers (gifted from Allah) and his orders can not be revoked."

Ibn Arabi explained Sufism, including faqr, in more details. He wrote more than 500 books on the topic. He was the first Muslim scholar to openly introduce (first time openly) the idea of Wahdat al-wujud. His writings are considered a solid source, that defied time.

Another dignified Muslim saint, Sultan Bahoo, describes a fakir as one "who has been entrusted with full authority from Allah (God)". In the same book, Sultan Bahoo says, "Faqir attains eternity by dissolving himself in oneness of Allah. He, when, eliminates himself from other than Allah, his soul reaches to divinity." He says in another book, "faqir has three steps (stages). First step he takes from eternity (without beginning) to this mortal world, second step from this finite world to hereafter and last step he takes from hereafter to manifestation of Allah."

Gurdjieff

In the Fourth Way teaching of G. I. Gurdjieff, the word ''fakir'' is used to denote the specifically physical path of development, as opposed to the words ''yogi'' (which Gurdjieff used for a path of mental development) and ''monk'' (which he used for the path of emotional development).''The Fourth Way: Teachings of G.I. Gurdjieff,'' P.D. Ouspensky, Random House USA, 2000.

See also

* Ghous-e-Azam
* Madariyya
* Mirin Dajo
* Qalandariyya
* Sai Baba of Shirdi
* Shramana
* Wu wei

References

External links

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Hindu asceticism
Hindustani language
Islam in India
Islam in Pakistan
Islam in Bangladesh
Islamic asceticism
Simple living
Sufi philosophy
Sufism